Food Analysis: Starch, Protein and Reducing Sugars

Food Analysis: Starch, Protein and Reducing Sugars A Qualitative and Quantitative study of Food Analysis to test for the presence of starch, protein and for reducing sugars. Sorina Popa Laboratory Partner: Chris Paterson Objectives: The aims for this experiment are to carry out a number of qualitative procedures in order to identify different food traces such as starch, protein and glucose that are present or absent within the aqueous tests. Introduction: Food science is the application of biological, chemical and physical composition of food as well as the concepts that highlight food processing. The governance within the Food Science Industries are exceptionally strict when it comes to the quality and the safety of their manufactured products. The role of a Food Scientist is to examine the microbiological, biochemical and physical equities of food. The main three categories of food are proteins fats and carbohydrates. Benedict’s test was considered perfect for this experiment as this test is can detect a positive result for reducing monosaccharides or disaccharides sugars such as glucose and lactose. During the process of heating, the alkali in the Benedict’s reagent becomes highly reactive and it behaves as a strong reducing agent.The significant colour change that occurs from a clear blue colour to a brick red precipitate indicates a positive result for the presence of glucose within a food sample. The green/yellow colour change can indicate a vague presence of protein as well as the presence of glucose. Starch is an example of a polysaccharide that is found mostly within plants. Plants use starch to store energy.The Iodine Test is extremely sensitive and can detect up to 0.00002M of a solution tested at a temperature of 20 Â °C. However, if the sample’s pH is low, the iodine solution’s reactions wouldn’t occur with the sample solution tested. Iodine solution determines the presence of starch most easily when the cell walls are damaged and broken down in order to chemically react with the starch grains. In the presence of starch there is a colour change from Brown to Blue/Black. It is expected for starch to be present within potatoes, flour, certain vegetables and cereals. Proteina and amino acids are the building blocks of protein. The amino acids are linked by peptide bonds. Protein is highly found within meat, seeds and beans.The biuret test was considered ideal for this experiment as it can detect higher concentrations of protein.The reaction formed comes from an organic compound as its heated and a high temperature resulting to a positive test for protein. The biuret reagent is composed of diluted copper sulphate within a strong alkali.The colour change from blue to purple originates from the coordinate complex that is found between the cupric ions and the nitrogen atoms.The Bradford Test was also considered for this experiment as it its a rapid and highly sensitive method for testing for Protein. [1] Materials: The materials were as in the ITT Biology1 Food Analysis Protocols Manual. [2] Methods: There were 4 different experiments carried out in order to test for different components withing different food samples tested. The Iodine Test, Benedict Test, Biuret Test and Bradford Test were carried out as per Itt Biology1 Food Analysis Protocols Manual. [2] Results/Data: Table1: Assay Results indicating the presence of reducing sugars applying Benedict solution on the different aqueous solutions tested in the laboratory: [6] Table2: Assay Results indication the presence of Starch applying Iodine solution on the different aqueous solutions tested in the laboratory: [5] Table 3: Assay Results indication the presence of Protein applying Biuret Reagent on the different aqueous solutions tested in the laboratory: [3] Table 4: Assay Results indication the presence of Protein applying Bradford Reagent on the different aqueous solutions tested in the laboratory: [4] Discussion: The following table will indicate the expected results of the solutions tested in the laboratory: [7] Solution A: From the data obtained there is a positive result for the presence of glucose as the colour obtained was Green. The colour Green shows that there was another trace element as well as the presence of Glucose. For the Iodine test the colour obtained was Yellow towards Brown which indicates there was a negative result for the presence of starch. There was a negative result for the presence of protein using the Biuret Reagent as the original colour Blue remained the same. However, when this solution was tested for the presence of protein using Bradford Reagent, there was a colour change from Brown to Light Blue indicating that there are small traces of protein present within this solution. This leads to a conclusion that solution A can be classified as being High Energy Glucose Drink diluted 1 in 20. Solution B: From the data obtained it showed to have the presence of Glucose as the colour obtained was Green. The colour Green tells us that traces of protein has been present as well as Glucose. To sustain this statement, when solution B was tested using Bradford Reagent , it showed a positive result for the presence of protein due to the colour change from Brown to Blue. However there was no presence of Starch within this solution as the colour remained the iodine brown/yellow original colour. This leads to the conclusion that solution B might have been the Diet Carbonated Lemon Lime Drink diluted 1 in 20. Solution C: Looking at the data obtained, Reducing sugars are present within this solution as the colour changed from Blue to Green. The Iodine test showed a negative result for the presence of Starch as the colour remained Brown. However, traces of Protein was present when the Bradford Test was carried out. This signifies that the solution C can be the Carbonated Diet Lemon and Lime Drink diluted 1 in 1000.According to the expected results, the Carbonated Lemon and Lime Drink diluted 1 in 1000 showed to have a positive result for Reducing sugar, and Protein. However, since this solution was diluted 1 in 1000, it’s possible that the presence of protein didn’t show because of the insufficient amount of protein. The Bradford Test showed to have the ability to indicate small traces of protein. Solution D: Analysing the data obtained the wasn’t any presence of Glucose in the Reducing Sugars Assay as the colour remained blue. There wasn’t any Starch present when Iodine solution was added in the Solution D due to no change in the colour i.e. Brown. However, the Biuret Test indicated a positive result for the presence of protein due to the colour change from Blue to Purple. As the Biuret test is known to detect large traces of protein, the presence of protein also came positive when the Bradford Reagent was used. Looking at the different solutions and their expected results, Solution D can be considered to be Sports Supplement diluted 1 in 10 since it is said it’s based on protein and not so much Carbohydrate based. This can be the reason why the Iodine and Benedict Test showed negative results. Solution E From the results obtained it indicated that there are traces of Glucose as the colour changed from Blue to Yellow/Brown. The colour brown isn’t the presence only for the presence of glucose which is orange. There are traces of a different component within the Solution E. There aren’t any traces of Starch when the Iodine Solution was added to a sample of Solution E. However, the extra trace element that appeared during the Bradford Test.The colour changed from Brown to dark Blue signifying traces of protein. When the solution was tested for protein using the Biuret Reagent, it showed a negative result as there was no colour change. As a conclusion, the Solution E appears to be Cow’s Milk diluted 1 in 20. Solution F: Analysing the data obtained from carrying out different aqueous procedures, it showed that there is a negative result for the presence of Reducing Sugars as the colour remained Blue after boiling process. There was also a negative result for the presence of Starch when Iodine solution was added and the colour remained the colour of Iodine solution i.e. Brown/Yellow. However, there was a positive result using both Biuret and Bradford Reagents as the colour changes to Purple when Biuret Reagent was used and the colour changed to dark Blue when Bradford Reagent was used. Comparing the result from this solution to the other expected solutions, Solution F can be looked upon to be Liquidised Cauliflower Filtered and Diluted 1 in 5. Solution G: From the results obtained it showed that there was a positive result for the presence of Glucose as there was a colour change from Blue to Brown. The colour brown also indicates there is another trace element present within this solution as well as Glucose. In the Iodine Test there was a positive result for the presence of starch as the colour change was Orange. This is an unusual colour as the actual positive colour indication for the presence of starch is Blue/Black. However, the colour orange can indicate there are more than one trace elements that are present within this solution. When the Bradford Test was carried out, a negative result was obtained as the colour did not change in Biuret and Bradford Test. From the data obtained, Solution G can be Diet Carbonated Lemon and Lime Drink diluted 1 in 10. Solution H: From the results obtained it showed a negative result for reducing sugar as the colour remained Blue. However, there was a positive result for the presence of starch as the colour changed from Brown/yellow to Orange. There was also a positive result when the solution was tested for protein. When Biuret Reagent was used the colour didn’t change which leads to a negative result but when the Bradford Reagent was used there was a positive result as the colour changed into Light Blue. This can mean that the Solution H can be classified to be Wheat flour 0.5% w/v solution. Conclusion: The purpose of these Qualitative experiments was to analyse in depth the aqueous solutions given and tested for the presence of starch, traces of protein and for reducing sugars. The data collected from each solution was compared with the expected results from specific solutions from which some were diluted more than 5 times. The results obtained were remarkably close to the results expected. This concludes that the overall assays undertaken were a success due to the results obtained and discussions made. References: Books/Manuals: [1] ITT Laboratory Skills Manual (2014-2015), Biology1, pg. 44-51 [2] ITT Biology Analysis Protocols (2014-2015) [3] Malhotra VK (2003) 4th Edition, Food Analysis, Practical Biochemistry for Students, Ch.48. [4] Shanmugam S., Sathish Kumar T, Panneer Selvam K, (2010) Laboratory Handbook on Biochemistry, Eastern Economy Edition, pg:26-27 Online Links: [5] British Nutrition Foundation (2004), Test for Starch, (Energy and Nutrients1995) (http://www.foodafactoflife.org.uk/attachments/92592385-dfb2-4ad6d61cf053.pdf) Accessed on 26th October 2014 @10.00am. [6] British Nutrition Foundation (2004), (Energy and Nutrients 1995) (http://www.foodafactoflife.org.uk/attachments/f4525d5b-0133-49b1e394c729.pdf) Accessed on 26th October [emailprotected] 10.30am. [7] Conde Nast (2014) Self Nutrition Data (http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/beverages/7399/2) accessed on 26th [emailprotected].

Importance of Japanese Language Essay

The importance of Japanese language is spoken by over one-hundred forty million in Japan alone and is also a natural second language for people in Chinese and Korean speaking countries. Despite Japan’s growth being out shined by neighbor countries like China and India. Japan is still has the second largest economy in world following China. Japanese is part of the Altaic languages (which includes Turkish, Tungusic, Mongolian, and Korean) spoken in the early Transcaspian steppe country over four to five thousands years ago. Early Japanese continued to evolve into it’s current form until over a thousand years ago when the Japanese people started recording their language through poetry and other writings. The importance of Japanese is beneficial regardless if you do it for fun or for your career or even just for personal travel. Several reason exists for how importance of Japanese language is in the grand scheme of things. One reason is that knowing Japanese bringing various business opportunities worldwide as well as being a gateway to learning and understanding other Asian languages and cultures. Japanese presence and culture are growing all over the world as well online. Japanese is also one of the most extensive in it’s use of politeness and honor as well as any other form of expression. Studying Japanese should be a in trying something different and joining one of the great languages of the world. Even if you plan to travel to Japan or just a casual traveler. Minimal understanding of the importance of Japanese will make it easier when traveling around Japan. Common every things like road and shop signs that are written in Japanese. Even when ordering food in a restaurant or communicating with your waiter or waitress or other locals in the restaurant will greatly improve your experience of your travels. A critical challenge to remember is that of vocabulary. Having used different books and courses to learn to read Japanese I found several to be of benefit. Japan is an very resourceful country for being so isolated. Japan files nearly four-hundred thousand patent applications every year in such fields as optical media, semiconductor manufacturing, industrial robotics, and fermentation process. Innovation as made the Japanese world leaders when it comes to technological advancements. Japan has a growing industry of exporting automobiles and other manufacturing goods. But Japan passes China in economic output but still second to the United States in GDP. With the increasing manufacturing strength of Japan can only stress the importance of the Japanese in opening doors of employment in pretty much any occupations. Learning any language can only improve your chance of success in today’s difficult job market. When trying to uncover the importance of Japanese language one cannot discover a more fascinating and challenging language to learn. All languages change over time and Japanese is no different. To genuinely understand the importance of Japanese language you need to learn the language yourself so you can receive the full benefit of this amazing language. In fact, latest research as shown that learning a second language helps fight against Alzheimer’s disease and slows down the aging effects of the brain. Talk about the Importance of language in action!

Estimate a Population Parameter

Estimation is a procedure by which a numerical value or values are assigned to a population parameter based on the information collected from a sample. The assignment of value(s) to a population parameter based on a value of the corresponding sample statistic is called estimation. In inferential statistics, _ is called the true population mean and p is called the true population proportion. There are many other population parameters, such as the median, mode, variance, and standard deviation.The following are a few examples of estimation: an auto company may want to estimate the mean fuel consumption for a particular model of a car; a manager may want to estimate the average time taken by new employees to learn a job; the U. S. Census Bureau may want to find the mean housing expenditure per month incurred by households; and the AWAH (Association of Wives of Alcoholic Husbands) may want to find the proportion (or percentage) of all husbands who are alcoholic.The examples about estimat ing the mean fuel consumption, estimating the average time taken to learn a job by new employees, and estimating the mean housing expenditure per month incurred by households are illustrations of estimating the true population mean. The example about estimating the proportion (or percentage) of all husbands who are alcoholic is an illustration of estimating the true population proportion, p.This article explains how to assign values to population parameters based on the values of sample statistics. For example, to estimate the mean time taken to learn a certain job by new employees, the manager will take a sample of new employees and record the time taken by each of these employees to learn the job. Using this information, he or she will calculate the sample mean, then, based on the value of he or she will assign certain values to _.As another example, to estimate the mean housing expenditure per month incurred by all households in the United States, the Census Bureau will take a sa mple of certain households, collect the information on the housing expenditure that each of these households incurs per month, and compute the value of the sample mean, Based on this value of the bureau will then assign values to the population mean, _. The sample statistic used to estimate a population parameter is called an estimator.The estimation procedure involves the following steps. 1. Select a sample. 2. Collect the required information from the members of the sample. 3. Calculate the value of the sample statistic. 4. Assign value(s) to the corresponding population parameter. Remember, the procedures to be mentioned above assume that the sample taken is a simple random sample. If the sample is not a simple random sample, then the procedures to be used to estimate a population mean or proportion become more complex. Estimate a Population Parameter Estimation is a procedure by which a numerical value or values are assigned to a population parameter based on the information collected from a sample. The assignment of value(s) to a population parameter based on a value of the corresponding sample statistic is called estimation. In inferential statistics, _ is called the true population mean and p is called the true population proportion. There are many other population parameters, such as the median, mode, variance, and standard deviation.The following are a few examples of estimation: an auto company may want to estimate the mean fuel consumption for a particular model of a car; a manager may want to estimate the average time taken by new employees to learn a job; the U. S. Census Bureau may want to find the mean housing expenditure per month incurred by households; and the AWAH (Association of Wives of Alcoholic Husbands) may want to find the proportion (or percentage) of all husbands who are alcoholic.The examples about estimat ing the mean fuel consumption, estimating the average time taken to learn a job by new employees, and estimating the mean housing expenditure per month incurred by households are illustrations of estimating the true population mean. The example about estimating the proportion (or percentage) of all husbands who are alcoholic is an illustration of estimating the true population proportion, p.This article explains how to assign values to population parameters based on the values of sample statistics. For example, to estimate the mean time taken to learn a certain job by new employees, the manager will take a sample of new employees and record the time taken by each of these employees to learn the job. Using this information, he or she will calculate the sample mean, then, based on the value of he or she will assign certain values to _.As another example, to estimate the mean housing expenditure per month incurred by all households in the United States, the Census Bureau will take a sa mple of certain households, collect the information on the housing expenditure that each of these households incurs per month, and compute the value of the sample mean, Based on this value of the bureau will then assign values to the population mean, _. The sample statistic used to estimate a population parameter is called an estimator.The estimation procedure involves the following steps. 1. Select a sample. 2. Collect the required information from the members of the sample. 3. Calculate the value of the sample statistic. 4. Assign value(s) to the corresponding population parameter. Remember, the procedures to be mentioned above assume that the sample taken is a simple random sample. If the sample is not a simple random sample, then the procedures to be used to estimate a population mean or proportion become more complex.

A Key Issue for the Human Well-Being - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1011 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/02/05 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Smoking Essay Did you like this example? It is essential to understand that what I am going to argue is not out of any sort of misplaced sense of self-righteousness, or in order to simply tell anybody what to do. It is out of a genuine and deep concern that I would like to see as few people become less addicted to a deadly substance and eventually die as a result of it. Smoking in public spaces should either be banned or not is the big debate. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Key Issue for the Human Well-Being" essay for you Create order Many people are for and against the argument that smoking should be banned from public areas which I’m focused on: restaurants and bars. The â€Å"pro-smoking† stand against that argument because they claim that it is a violation of their freedom of smoking anywhere. The â€Å"pro-ban† believe that smoking in public spaces lead to unwanted health issues. The adversarial audience (pro-smoking) could say passive smokers (second-hand smokers) can choose to breathe in another people’s smoke. And if they don’t want to second-hand smoke, they shouldn’t attend places where smoking is allowed. Many restaurants implement a certain time and space for smokers. Now let’s say a family with a child who is prone to get an asthma attack due to smoke and wants to eat out in this restaurant, and the only day and time they have are the same as the smoker. It would be reasonable that the smoker should step outside and smoke instead of inside even though, there is ventilation. And usually, the ventilation isn’t enough to clear out the smoke. The reason is that even though restaurants and bars have designated areas to smoke, the smoke clusters and spreads out (airborne nicotine). Another thing they can point out is that it is legal to smoke tobacco, so governments have no right to ban it. My point is that I don’t want to ban it because people like to smoke, but I think it should be ban in restaurants and bars, where people would like to go without thinking about the smoke they will inhale and later get sick. Many say that a ban on smoking in public places would drive many bars and restaurants out of business since smokers wouldn’t attend to these places anymore. They are afraid revenues will drop, however, some studies show that smoking bans have no significant effect on overall profits. Another claim is that by implementing this ban it makes it feel like it is a demand that people should quit smoking altogether. They claim the ban is a violation of their freedom of smoking anywhere. The point across here is that smokers should smoke in places where it is designated for them like specific shops. No one is forcing smokers to stop but simply help them stop or lessen their use since they have the right to smoke. Lastly, many times smokers who are long-time users become dependent on the use of nicotine (smoking) and therefore, can’t stop if there were to be a ban. Like I said earlier, no one is forcing smokers to stop but simply help lessen their addiction. Its no news that cigarettes are bad and can lead to a deathbed. Cigarettes cause various types of cancer and can complicate the well-being to both parties (smokers and non-smokers). Despite decades of falsified tobacco industry funded-studies, to the contrary, this has become common knowledge to a lot of people, so they continue to smoke. Nicotine is a highly addictive substance according to the Medicine Net, â€Å"people smoke many more cigarettes than they do marijuana†. It is the only major drug/substance studied in the world that has been proven as deadly and as addictive, and yet it is still legal. Not only is smoking bad for someone’s health but the fact there are countless cigarette butts that cause litter. Not one person in the world can say they have not seen a cigarette butt because, when you walk down an ally or the beach, or outside a restaurant or bar or even driving on the streets, basically wherever you go you will always find a cigarette butt/bud. Many o f the times, smokers just toss the cigarette butt and by not looking back those still-lit ¬-butts can cause a fire. The health of an individual is the essential of life. Lessing the consumption of smoking in public will have health benefits for the user and lessen the risk of cigarette smoke health issues for the public. Therefore, creating a healthier populous. A big step in public places especially (focusing) in restaurants and bars is to model exactly how it would go about banning smoking. Not just prohibiting or creating a policy as to what time or day people can smoke (like it is now implemented) but actually banning it completely. The model is that if security stops you for smoking, your first offense will be a warning, your second offense will be a fine, and then your third offense would be handled with an officer. I believe this is a very clear model that everybody can understand, and everybody can follow making it more effective than a first-police-encounter. Also, smokers should smoke outside of restaurants and bars. Smoking in public spaces (restaurants and bars) should be banned because it may lead to health risks to non-smokers. Adopting this policy can reduce the health risks (second-hand smoke-a.k.a. passive smoke) of others. In addition to the model, business (bars and restaurants) will bring people’s attention into some information on existing programs of smoking such as flyers or other forms, because even though there are many ads and commercial about helping smokers to quit or lessen their intake, â€Å"too much is never enough† information/help. This is so that people have a chance to avail themselves of these programs and get on the road to quitting or lessen their use/addiction even though, it is extremely difficult for people to quit even if they wanted to. It is a key issue for the health of the individual in both parties.