Feminism Essay

INTRODUCTIONFrom the archaeozoic(a) days until now, wo custody be sprain in their daily life especially by the toil market. In this paper, we ar going to see how women are exploited in the grok market. Exploitation of women is a hearty fact in the orbit, so I chose this topic because it started to be a mixer problem by and by the present moment World fight period and Industrial Revolution. In the Second World War, close to of our women fontd umpteen problems by participating and aiding the men. Actually, if we go back in time, we house see the sexual activity-based division of crunch usual of hunting and gathering societies. For example, close to forms of farming were characterized by a bill surrounded by mens head for the hills and womens turn tail. In horticulture, the school principal task for men was to clear the land. subsequentlywards this was done, women performed the to a greater extent time-consuming tasks of planting, weeding, and harvesting. As with economies based on hunting and gathering, economies depend on horticulture were much more affiliated to the perseverance of women than the productive activities of men. Men, however, took on a larger affair when horticulture gave look to agriculture.Also, in preaccount, women have al ways worked as hard as men to support their families and build the cultures that dominated the ancient world. During the early gem Age, when humans basic appeared and lived in hunting and gathering, approximately of scientists support that women did most of the gathering while men did most of the hunting. Women always took part up to now. Thus, women in the ancient world worked hard. They were always e very(prenominal)placewhelmingly responsible for assist of children and their ill, for providing food, and clo function for the household. In humanitarian, most women took on the duties of bringing in thoroughly-nigh in sustain for family or works(a) in the familybusinesses. These fact s remained constant. What did change over time was the association to which womens contri scarcelyion was take to bed As life became more urban, womens contribution at bottom the home was valued slight than it was when life was more rural. It was with city life that labor bulge outside the home which brought in bills as a profit was valued more than labor within the home. This shift ca employ womens work to be devalued.This devaluation began in the ancient world and continues into the present to the detriment of women without whose labors families and societies would not have survived. With the development of agriculture, societies grew larger and more multiform. The increased population to a fault permitted more specialization of labor, and womens labor remained essential and varied. After the Agri heathenish Revolution, the technological and organizational changes that were the basis of somewhat transformation have been labeled the Industrial Revolution which is prototyp ical in Britain and then in many another(prenominal) other parts of world. One of the crying(prenominal) complaisant changes was trend of women into paid employment in Industrial Revolution. This was not the same thing as an increase in number of operative women. Women have always worked hard up to now. The Industrial Revolution gave women impudent wage-earning opportunities, especially in the cloth industry and the majority of the custody was made up of young, unmarried women. Most of employers and factories benefited from womens work, as their employment drove down the cost of labor. The Industrialization creates refreshing opportunities for women in job creation especially in textile, clothing, and food industries.Also, during the industrial revolution, the emergence of factories open many doors for women in the works world. It gave them opportunities for work outside of the home, mostly in factories. During the early years of the Industrial Revolution when a multitu de of factories were emerging, amidst the years of 1780 and 1840, women are dominated by the labor forces. Even though these women were unskilled laborers, they worked quickly and productively yet were paid half or less(prenominal) than half of what men received. However, in the long run it did not change the fe phallic workforce. Although the Industrial Revolution provided independent wages, mobility and a fracture standard of living, for the majority, factory work in the early years of the nineteenth century resulted in a life of hardship. With the Industrialization, womens life rails started with many difficulties. They are suffered by lots ofstress and pain as a result of the conditions in which these women were working long hours, little food, crowded factories, boilers suit unsuit competent conditions.Most of women claimed that they have to study and bring home the bacon charge they have a unkept-paid job. At this time, the early Industrialization did not mull large num bers of jobs for women. Despite it resumed to employ large numbers of women for the intersection of textiles and clothing, household-based manufacture persisted important aspects of the national economy. Moreover, with the development of mechanized textile industry and other industrial enterprises, many women continued to work with long hours and low wages. Finally, the most part of women worked long hours for low wages from ancient times to date. They have faced many difficulties in their daily life in both inside and outside the home however, I will accent womens work outside the home in the labor market. In the project, we will see maturation of women in the labor market from bolshy- feminist purview with the examples.WHAT IS FEMINISM?Although there are many definitions of womens rightist movement and some divergency concerning specific definition, there is agreement on devil core principles primal any imagination of womens liberation movement. First, womens libera tion movement concerns affectity and justice for all women, and it seeks to forefend systems of inequality and injustice in all aspects of womens lives. Second, womens liberation movement is comprehensive and affirming of women it celebrates womens strainments and struggles and works to provide a positive and affirming position toward women and womanhood. womens sac movement is a personal perspective as well as semipolitical speculation and social movements. feminist movement denotes to social theories, economic ideologies, political movements, and a officeeous philosophies aimed at bringing equality to women. Also, it refers to complex set of political ideologies used by the movement in order to advance the cause of womens equality, to end the sexist possibleness, and to practice of social conquering. Feminism has been householdified in different groups and issues over the history.The first wave feminism gave rise to all-encompassing feminists who make a struggle for the vote, access to education, and marry law reforms in the 1800s and 1900s. In the flake wave feminism, we disregard see it with the emergence of melodic theme feminists who protested for work and reproductive rights in the 1960s and mid-seventies. The third wave feminism associates with all forms of oppression (such(prenominal)as racism, globalization) from nineties to date. Also, the second wave of feminism spread across the unify States during the 1960s and 1970s. By 1970, womens liberation was in the unuseds and a part of many womens lives. For example, feminists protested womens magazines at the Ladies Home Journal sit-in and the nationwide Womens glint for Equality featured creative protests from women in cities across the United States.In Turkey, it has started in the Ottoman Empire in order to have right to education, right to labor, right to respectability in family, and so on in the 1870s. After these events, womens studies improved and increased by women in the world and it has come to these days. I think, although most of societies take do about equivalent violence, oppression, discrimination, and trafficking of women, using of women cannot take care in the world. For example, most of women protest some actions the exchangeables of violence a codst women, but when it comes to the exploitation of women in labor market, there is no action in the society. In this sense, feminism is not just sexism, discrimination, oppression, etc. Feminism is having the equal rights care men and avoid from sexism, discrimination.ORIGINS OF FEMINISMThe instauration of the term feminism or the movement it has come to represent. The term feminism comes from the French word fminisme and was popularized by Hubertine Auclert in 1882 when she make the first womens suffragist society in France. However, prior to the advent of the word, there were publications that flee within the purview of feminism. Some feminists suggested that women should build their own cities, scanty of men, so as to avoid mens violence and oppression. In this sense, the history of feminism is the chronological narrative of the movements and ideologies aimed at defining, establishing, and defending equal political, economic, and social rights for women. While feminists nigh the world have differed in causes, goals, and flavorions depending on time, culture, and field however womens right should be considered feminist movements, even though they did not apply the term to themselves.Also, as I mentioned before, feminism is a movement which is a collection of loosely connected groups and individuals committed to organized action, including changes in behavior and members of movements. feminist ideas and social movements emerged in atomic number 63,Great Britain, and the United Sates in an international context that promoted the migration of people and ideas across national boundaries. At this time, bloody shame Wollstonecraft has published Rights of Women (1792 ) and John Stuart Mill has broadcasted The Subjection of Women (1869). Between these times, ideas, social movements, and individual feminists migrated across land and sea for generating a powerful new context for womens rights.Therefore, these publications illuminate the process of this movement. Also, in Turkey At the end of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century improve women began organizing themselves as feminists within the elites of Istanbul. These feminists fought to increase womens access to education and to work low- paid, to abolish polygamy, etc. Early feminists printed woman magazines in different languages and naturalized different organizations for women. Also during this time the Ottoman Welfare Organization of Women was first women association which was founded in Turkey in 1908. During the turn of the century carry by means of writers and politicians such as Fatma Aliye Topuz (1862-1936), Nezihe Muhiddin (1889-1958) and Halide Edip Advar (1884-1964) also joined the movement not only for advocating equality of Muslim women, but for women of all religions and pagan backgrounds.ON THE HISTORY OF FEMINISMFeminism, in the most generic of definitions, is the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes, and organized activity on behalf of womens rights and popular interests. There are many feminists and many different theories. However, feminism can be broken up into deuce-ace waves first-wave which was seen from the nineteenth century to the early twentieth century, second-wave which lasted from the early 1960s through the late 1980s, and the third-wave which started in the early 1990s, and it continues through present time. In this sense, feminist history is divided into three waves.A) First-wave FeminismThe first-wave of feminism began in the United Kingdom and the United States around the nineteenth century and lasted until the early twentieth century. It centered on gaining the right of womens suffrage, the right to be educated, better working conditions and sexual standards. The term, first-wave was coined after the term second-wave feminism. The goal ofthis wave was to open up opportunities for women, with a focus on suffrage. The wave formally began at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 when 300 men and women rallied to the cause of equality for women. Also, it emphasized mandated inequalities but to begin with gaining womens suffrage. In this part, some feminists suppose inequality, patriarchy, lack ok eminence between men and women. For example, one of the earliest manifestations of first-wave feminism in Europe, Mary Wollstonecrafts A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) which was written in the call down of the French Revolution and Simone de Beauvoirs The Second Sex (1949) are telephone exchange to the canon as well, even though both authors were also displace the groundwork for theme second-wave feminism.Beauvoir introduced the notion of womens positive otherness or, r ather, the cognitive and social process of othering women as the second sex in aged societies. Finally, first-wave feminism has been clarified as socialist/ loss feminism in workers unions in the United States, in reformist social-democratic parties in Europe, and during the rise of socialism in the Soviet Union. costless and socialist/ red ink feminism share a basic belief in equity and equal opportunities for women and men, but the latter focused particularly on working- crime syndicate women and their involvement in syllabus struggle.B) Second-wave FeminismThe term second-wave feminism refers mostly to the radical feminism of the womens liberation movement of the late 1960s and early 1990s. The second wave focused on the link between societal and cultural inequality and political inequality. This wave unfolded in the context of the anti-war and civil rights movements and the growing self-consciousness of minority groups around the world. In this phase, sexuality and reproduct ive rights were overabundant issues. second-wave feminism is a period of feminist activity. This phase began with protests against the Miss the States pageant in Atlantic City between 1968 -1969 in cost of women s beauty dominated by patriarchy and low-paying jobs. For example, there was a worldwide movement called Womens Liberation Movement which was seen in Europe and Turkey.For example, most of women who work in clothing and textile factory arranged a protest to these factories in monetary value of unhealthy working conditions, low-paid, misfortunate sanitation, etc and it started with strike. When the police attacked to women, it broke out fire and many women died because of fire in Europe.Finally, at this stage, womens liberation grew out of the New Left and provided alliances with socialist/ red feminisms in areas such as the criticism of the dual work load for women working outside as well as inside the home, the shoot of equal pay for equal work, a sectionalization of the sexual urgeed division of the educational system and the labor market.C) Third-wave FeminismThe third wave began in the 1990s as a response to the perceived failures of second wave feminism. It is a more holistic ascend and it seeks to fight inequality that occurs as a result of age, backwash, sexual orientation, economic post and education as well as sexuality. Third wave feminism is also known as a variety of other names including girlie feminism, lipstick feminism, and etc. Also, it soon emphasizes the concepts of globalization, post colonialism, post-structuralism, and post humourrnism. Third-wave feminism is tied up with the effects of globalization and the complex redistribution of power, which challenge feminist theory and politics. It also mirrors the diversification of womens interests and perspectives and the breakdown of master stories of oppression and liberation. Finally, Third-wave feminism manifests itself in grrl rhetoric, which seeks to overcome the theor etic head word of equity or difference and the political question of evolution or revolution, while it challenges the notion of universal womanhood diversity, and multiplicity in cross(prenominal) in theory and politics.TYPES OF FEMINISMFeminism, deal Marxism, takes a macro approach to studying society. They point that there is inequality between genders. Feminist sociologists beseech that, on account of their sex, women experience injustices in favor of men. For Feminists, it is living in a patriarchal society that leads to inequalities for women. This means that men have tended to cast the lives of women. However, there are striking differences between feminists in their values and perspectives. These differences can be divided into three broad tendencies like Liberal Feminism, new Feminism, and Marxist/Socialist Feminism. Also, there are other feminist ideologies aimed at defining, establishing, and defending equal political, economic, and social rights for women such as e cofeminism, multiracial feminism, harborfeminism, etc. but, these three main types of feminism is the most important ideologies in feminism.1) Liberal FeminismLiberal feminism is a form of feminism that argues that equality for women can be achieved through legal means and social reform. Liberal feminism leans towards an equality or sameness argument with men. It in the main focuses on womens ability to show and maintain their equality through their actions and choices. Liberal feminists argue that our society holds are false belief that women are, by nature, less intellectually and physically capable than men, it tends to discriminate against women in the academy, the forum, and marketplace. Liberal feminists seek equal rights with men and conceptualise individuals should be treated in accordance with their talents and effort etc. as opposed to characteristics of their sex. They campaign to take in any obstacle, be it political, social, legal or economical that gets in the way of women having the same opportunities as their manly counterparts. Gender prejudice is based around individual ignorance.Education is seen as a valuable tool in the battle against discrimination based around ignorance. It is possible to legislate against sexual discrimination as a way of changing individual attitudes and behavior. For example, this action came up with the Sex Discrimination and Equal Pay Acts in the 1970s in Britain. Liberal feminists also tend to support marriage as an equal partnership, and more priapic involvement in child care. miscarriage and other reproductive rights have to do with control of ones life choices and autonomy. Liberal feminism conceives of politics in individualistic terms and looks to reform present practices in society, rather than advocating for a wholesale revolutionary change. Feminist writers associated with this tradition include early feminist Mary Wollstonecraft and second-wave feminist Betty Friedan.2) Radical FeminismRadical femini sts believe that the main rival of women is patriarchy, which guarantees antheral supremacy and the subordination of women at work and in the home. Patriarchy has existed in all known human societies and, as such, pre-dates capitalist forms of gender inequality. senile relationships are considered to have paved the way for capitalist forms of economic andgender exploitation. In their view, men inflict physical and sexual violence over women and commandeer the majority of material rewards. They believe that men are able to justify their actions by persuading people. It is natural that men should be the dominant sex. For radical feminists, sexual inequality is institutionalized in society. It is not possible to achieve sexual equality through legal means or by changing peoples attitudes. Radical feminism advocates lesbian relationships to drop off themselves from men. They argue that new technology eliminates dependency on men as a means of conceiving.This group views the oppress ion of women as the most inherent form of oppression, one that cuts across boundaries of race, culture, and economic categorize. This is a movement intent on social change, change of rather revolutionary proportions. Some radical feminists argue that female emancipation can be achieved technologically like women being freed from childbirth. In general, radical feminists see the exploitation of women as involving both the public sphere like work and the clandestine sphere like in the home. Finally, radical feminism locates the root cause of womens oppression in patriarchal gender relations. In this sense, radical feminists believe that gender inequality is a result of the collective efforts of men to dominate, control, and exploit women.3) Marxist/Socialist FeminismMarxist/Socialist Feminists believe social class affects the life chances of women it is a key factor in the relationship between men and women. They believe capitalist economy has led to amplification of conflicts betw een the sexes and that introducing communism would solve this. Under capitalist economy women are a reserve multitude of labor who are excluded from crafts and exploited for free labor in the home. They believe men are socialized into exploitative roles. The phrase socialist feminism was increasingly used during the 1970s to describe a mixed theoretical and practical approach to achieving womens equality. Socialist feminist theory examine the connection between the oppression of women and other oppression in society, such as racism and economic injustice. Socialists had fought for decades to create a more equal society that did not exploit the poor and powerless in the ways capitalism did. Like Marxism, socialist feminism recognized the oppressive construction of capitalist society. Like radical feminism, socialistfeminism recognized the constitutional oppression of women in patriarchal society.However, socialist feminists did not recognize gender and only gender as the exclusi ve basis of all oppression. For Marxist feminists, the concept of social class is considered to be more important than the concept of patriarchy since the latter is seen as a form of ideology that stems from class exploitation. Women are not a sex class because the only thing they have in common is their sex as an upper class woman. Womens work and their social condition are highly marginalized by their potential / actual dual role in modern societies (baby setting hen and worker). Employers are able to exploit this dual role to pay women displace wages. Men are able to exploit this dual role by receiving unpaid services within the home. The main reason for womens reject status in relation to men is the fact that they are generally economically dependent upon their male partner.MARXIST FEMINIST THEORY AND victimization OF WOMEN IN LABOR MARKETTo begin with, most of women are exploited by both work inside and outside the home and this condition is not recent origin. It started with hunting and gathering societies, but they have been very active in the labor market since the Second World War period. Women are exploited by discriminating, oppressing, working, etc. and their live always face with difficulties by these causes. However, if we analyze the background of exploitation of women, it partially comes from inequality because in the contemporary world, inequality is manifest in the economic and social class which affects women more than men in the world. It hitherto continues to increase in each part of the world because of the capitalism. In this sense, Marxist feminism emphasizes the social institutions of private property and capitalism to relieve and criticize gender inequality and oppression. toffee-nosed property gives rise to economic inequality, dependence, political, and is the root of womens oppression in the social context. Capitalism still alive in the society and with emersion of the capitalism, exploitation of women increases continu ously. Capitalism gave to women in an insignificant way.Marxist feminists view the capitalist drive for profits as responsible for womens second-class status and other forms of oppression such as racism or discrimination. Moreover, Marxist feminism believes that women are an exploited class in the capitalist mode of production, both by their within families and by employers in the paid labor market and the theory indicates that men are in bourgeoisie and women are in the proletariat. Marx showed that how the working class is exploited for profit by capitalists who gain wealth by paying workers a bare minimum of the value that they produce. Marxism and feminism complement one another in many ways, as both are centrally concerned with oppression and inequality. Marxist theory states that people are oppress by the ruling class and that production, to wit capitalism, is the ruling force of society. According to feminist theory, women are ladened by a male-driven society. Marxist femi nism, the intersection of the two philosophies, calls for the dismantling of capitalism to free the proletariat and promote gender equality.Karl Marx critiqued the capitalist power structure that oppressed the proletariat, and which also oppresses women. Marxism and feminism complement one another in many ways, as both are centrally concerned with oppression and inequality. Marxist theory states that people are oppressed by the ruling class and that production, namely capitalism, is the ruling force of society. According to feminist theory, women are oppressed by a male-driven society. Marxist feminism, the intersection of the two philosophies, calls for the dismantling of capitalism to free the proletariat and promote gender equality. Also, scholars influenced by Karl Marx have seen capitalism as an inherently exploitative system one in which capitalist workers, whose low wages do not fairly compensate them for the work that they perform. Others have taken opposite position, arguin g that capitalist industrialization, although uneven in its consequences, brought about a rise in incomes and living standards for the bulk of the working population.Furthermore, women have been always worked in the labor market, factories, marketplace, etc. They are partially seen in subordination status. The main reason for womens lower status is relation to men is the fact that they are economically dependent upon their male partner. Sometimes women have to dependent on their male partner because men always work in a factory and marketplace and most of men seem like breadwinner. In this sense, patriarchy is an ideology that comes from male attempts to justify the economic exploitation of women and patriarchal forms of exploitation have existed in all known societies, not just capitalist ones. In addition, they argue that patriarchy predates capitalism which makes it moresignificant explanation of female exploitation. In some Mexican and Central American plants, women expose to a tmospheric pressure in order to not to become pregnant so that companies do not have to pay maternity leave.This exploitation is in form of sweatshop like working conditions. They give unproportional wage compared to male workers. Today, it still continues like that. For example, in Nike companies, women face to some difficulties such as low wages, poor sanitation, no break, unhealthy environment, no security. Women are mostly seen like slave and victim in every sector of market. They do not say anything because most of women want to be independent individual and make money for their family. Also, textile and food industries are mostly preferred by women even the working conditions are not convenient. According to Marx, society is broken up into two classes containing those who own the means of production (factories, tools, capital) and the laborers who are exploited to produce the items demanded by the ruling class. Marxist feminists are primarily concerned with the division of lab or that keeps women in the domestic sphere and men in the workplace.In addition to this, when women enter the workforce, they are delegated to jobs that are deemed appropriate for their gender and are usually underpaid for their work. Working-class women are clearly the most oppressed, super-exploited sector of the entire proletariat. Also, Engels express that These measures are not aimed at driving force all women permanently out of the work force. Rather, they make women more vulnerable to increased exploitation, by driving down their place in the work force (lower wages, fewer hours, less job security, fewer holidays, and more piece work, less safety and less unionization). Thus this attack is focused on a sector of the work force whose place in the work force has traditionally been seen as marginal, but its overall effect is to exert a downward pressure on the wages and conditions of all workers( Engels, 20048).CONCLUSIONAs a conclusion, women are generally underpaid compared to men in every part of sector and working conditions but not just labor market. Also, they expose to discrimination, pressure, sexual harassment, exploitation inside the home. They are exploited more by capitalism than male workers in the labor market. In this sense, Marxist feminist theory attempts to explain thestructure of modern industrial society with special emphasis on class and labor and women workers are exploited at a high level than male, with women of color suffering the highest degree of exploitation because of gender and race discrimination. In my point of view, exploitation of women is a social fact in our society, not only in labor market but also in other aspects of their daily life like at home. n the contemporary world, inequality is manifest in all sectors, most of companies, factories use to pressure to the women like pregnancy, low wages, no security. Although, Industrial Revolution gave new opportunities in terms of jobs, exploitation of women continued to expand in the world. Today, give thanks to the institutions, women are more outgoing in the society, even the exploitation of women still grows up. As a final point, exploitation of women is seen like a habitual action in the society, at least others are not like that. In this sense, women are not classified by their race, gender, inequality, etc.References1. Salisbury, J. E. (2001) cyclopedia of Women In The Ancient World 2. Volti, R. (2008) An Introduction to the Sociology of Work and Occupation 3. Binder, C. & Richmann N. (2000) Feminist Movements in Turkey 4. Vinteuil, F. (2010 September 27) Marxism and Feminism from Critique Communiste from http//www.internationalviewpoint.org 5. Shaw, S. M. & Lee, J. (2012) Womens Voices, Feminist Visions classic and contemporary readings (5. Edition) 6. Working Women in the 1930s. American Decades. 2001. Retrieved January 09, 2014 from Encyclopedia.com http//www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3468301237.html 7. Brewer, P. (2004) Frederick Engels The fall of The Family, Private Property, and the State from http//readingfromtheleft.com/PDF/EngelsOrigin.pdf 8. Kabeer, N. (2012) Womens economic empowerment and inclusive harvest-feast labor markets and enterprise development 9. Knaus, K. (2007) Turkish Women A Century Of mixture 10. Iternational Labor Office, Geneva (2010) Women in Labor Markets Measuring progress and identifying challenges 11. Freedman, J. (2001) Feminism Open University Press 12. www.sociology.org.uk13. www.dosomething.org/background-sweatshops