Describe Your Favorite Time of the Year and Explain What Makes It Special.

happen upon your favorite season of the twelvemonth and explain what fall ins it special. My favorite age of the year is when I enjoy the most and have fun. The most delightful clipping of the year is also hanging out with your chums. To me that period of the year waterfall after winter vacations when the final year starts and the countdown begins for the examination. During this period of time at that place is a lot of work to do, cease our entire course and thusly sit in our homes for studying. But still I like this time because we are free from school and waking up early in the morning. And thus the weak begins of our breakdown.Last day of school is the most unforgettable day of school in the whole of the year. Then the days arrives that every assimilator fancies. THE SUMMER BREAK And that is because we get to sleep more. All of the students enjoy with their families and agile friends. People visit different places of their own beloved country and of separate countrie s. Students hangs out, at different eating places where they eat little and laughs a lot. Girls talk about different look icons and brands- gossip is their most akin topic. Boys like to talk about sports and superb cars. Beside these all enjoyment we have to do our holiday homework.That is also a sort of fun as it reminds you of school days and the cheers with buddies. The days fit in a simple row with more smiles and little tears. And then the count down begins again. The last day of holidays is the end of my favorite time of the year. School starts again and with new session and a bigger class, there is more work to do. And we may get a chance to make new friends and try to improve more in our studies than the last year. However, I do know that the days will fly by so fast that I will get to experience my favorite time of the year all over again. And try to make it more memorable than the past year. Words=340

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

If the porters can organize their industry, hold their ranks, prove their struggle ability in the interest of the working class, it lead have a profound effect on the attitude of white organized labor. And it will have a profound effect upon the organizable capacity of inkiness workers in other industries. These men who punch our pillows and shine our shoes and stow our bags d own the stairs the seats bear in their hands no little of the responsibility for the industrial future of their race (The Nation, June 9, 1926).Most ob availrs would have thought it quite marvelous during the early 1920s that the quiescency car porters, those seemingly obsequious men, eternally bowing and scraping in the presence of whites with their hands held out for a tip, would ever have been able to start a union. Even much preposterous was the thought that they not solitary(prenominal) would start a union, just that their plaque would become a nationally recognized symbol of the sore Negro, a attraction in the struggle of macabre people to pass their safeful Place as part of the American working-class.Not only were porters submissive and easily frightened men, people would say, but the vast majority of them worked for the Pullman follow, a giant among American capitalist enterprises. The company was the largest single employer of dark-skinneds in the country, and some color spokesmen believed that stern people owed the Chicago-based corporation a debt of gratitude. Moreover, the Pullman party was notoriously anti-union. Should porters attempt anything so foolish as forming a union, the company would lose it the incipient movement before it ever began (Perata 45-47).However, by the end of informantation War II, Randolph and the brotherhood were major thrusts at heart American labor and society. The matrimony of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP), was the commencement African American labor organization to affiliate with the American Federation of grate (AFL). The BSCP, founded by the labor leader Asa Philip Randolph in 1925, organized black Pullman car porters. Far to a greater extent than a labor union, the BSCP was also a pivotal organization in the twentieth-century civil rights movement. Randolph was president of the BSCP from 1925 to 1968.Although he also held general organizer credentials, his role within the BSCP was largely that of public spokesperson and agitator, with practical matters being left in the hands of men like the BSCP organizers Milton Webster, Ashley Totten, and C. L. Dellums. The labor movement had done more for advancement of blacks than any other institution in America. Between 1928 and the 1935 convention, the laws disposal labor-management relations bad changed dramatically. In July 1935, President Franklin D.Roosevelt signed into law the Wagner-Connery Act, which guaranteed workers the right to organize. But more important to the BSCP, Congress had passed the Amended Railway Labor Act of 1934 which guarante ed railroad workers that right. Moreover, that act required corporations to negotiate with unions that could prove that they delineate the majority of a particular class of workers, and created the National Mediation table to protect workers interests. The emancipation of slaves following the Civil War did little to interrupt their precarious social and economic status.As late as 1910, 83. 3 share of African Americans resided in the South. The vast majority were engaged in bucolic work, with black artisanship suffering erosion when Reconstruction ended and Jim Crow systems became dominant. adept of the few corporations to employ large numbers of African Americans was the Pullman Company, the maker and supplier of luxury cars for railroads. Founder George Pullman hired ex-slaves as servants for his cars as early as 1870, and by the turn of the century, Pullman was the single largest employer of black labor.Of the 12,000 porters employed by Pullman in 1925, all were black except for about 400 Mexicans and a handful of Asians. What emerged was a complex relationship between black employees, the Pullman Corporation, and rail passengers. From its origin the BSCP had three goals. First, of course, union leaders wanted to gain lore from the Pullman Company as the official representative of porters and maids so as to improve their payoff and working conditions.Second, and of equal importance, at least to Randolph, the BSCP was the means by which black workers would break down barriers to equal membership in organized labor. Thus, Randolph and his colleagues put together their sights on an international charter from the AFL. The unions third goal stemmed from the first two. A union under black leadership strong decorous to gain recognition from the Pullman Company and to wrest a charter from the AFL would serve as an example to other working-class blacks of the possibilities for improving their lives. Many of the black men (including J.Finley Wilson, president of the Improved and Benevolent Order of Elks of the being Perry Howard, unfading Republican national committeeman from Mississippi and Benjamin E. Mays, who became president of Morehouse College and of the Atlanta cultivate board) who went on to make names for themselves worked for Pullman at one time. The harsh chaff is that such men accepted jobs at Pullman largely because the company offered the beat out opportunities available for black men. Indeed, a porters annual pay of $810 plus tips in 1925 far exceeded that of a black school teacher.In addition, porters were considered cosmopolites, men of the world who flitted covering and forth across the country, visiting regularly places most blacks could never ideate of seeing. Black women were instrumental in advancing the brotherhood from its earliest days. A small number of black women employed as maids by the Pullman Company took out memberships in the BSCP, but women were most active in auxiliaries. Wives and other female relatives of Pullman employees started to establish local auxiliaries in 1926, and that same year some(prenominal) auxiliaries combined to form the Colored Womens Economic Council.Womens auxiliaries were instrumental in natural elevation money for the brotherhood in the days before an AFL charter boosted the organisational treasury. They also performed important community functions such as offering monetary assistance to families left destitute when the Pullman Company dismissed black charter earners (Chateauvert 197). The BSCP took advantage of President Franklin D. Roosevelts election in 1932. New Deal rule outlawed company unions and granted workers the right to bargain through their own elected units.In 1934, the Railway Labor Act was amended to include sleeping car employees. Women continued their feverish activity on behalf of the union, and womens auxiliaries became so legion(predicate) that a coordinated network of Ladies Auxiliaries of the fraternity of Sleeping Car Porters emerged in 1938. Increased political, legal, and organizational activity gave Randolph the prerequisite leverage to call for a union election. In June 1935, despite massive layoffs by Pullman, the BSCP won collective negociate rights by a nearly eight-to-one margin.BSCP officials not only desire legitimacy for their own union but looked on the union as a vehicle for the advancement of all black workers. During the Great falloff the coupling participated in various grass roots activities and workers actions. The union get together in the numerous protests throughout the country over the plight of the Scottsboro Boys, baseball club young blacks convicted of rape in Alabama, and was a leader in the flourishing efforts of organized labor and civil rights organizations to prevent the confirmation of judge washbasin J.Parker, whom President Herbert Hoover nominated for the Supreme Court in 1930 (Santino 34). The BSCP unaccompanied tied together Parkers racist and anti- union sentiments. And though they would not go so far as to support Communist activities, Randolph and other BSCP spokesmen encouraged black workers to form workers councils so as to demand equitable relief bills from the U. S. government, especially after the origin of the New Deal. The BSCP was the very first African-American labor union to sign a collective talk terms conformity with a main U.S. corporation (Santino 67). All applicants were required to take the ecumenical Test the United States Employment Service. Each applicant was also wedded an intensive interview with an employment service counselor to determine whether he might have a substantial potential in the look at regardless of his ability to meet the minimum standards. Under the collective bargaining agreement, appointments as apprentices were to be made from among the highest scorers. Randolphs career is one of the most raise in contemporary black history.As an opponent of participation in World War I and an angry critic of the Wilson administration, Randolphs writings earned The courier the title of the most able and the most dangerous of all Negro publications (Pfeffer 67). During the inter-war years he devoted himself to trade union organization and gained jutting as the leader of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Not only did he secure recognition of the union from the railroads, but in 1936 took it into the American Federation of Labor as an international union.This unions founding and struggle for recognition was a dramatic episode in the history of black workers (Harris 78). The black leaders of the period, including Du Bois and Randolph, who believed in programs of interracial cooperation also believed that such a indemnity of working with whites must be accompanied by a weightlift of public enlightenment about black people. To win whites to the cause it was necessary to correct the black image in their minds. Beyond an appeal to the conscience of whites, or to their democratic ideals, it was necessary to remove the misconceptions they held about blacks.In the mid- 1930s the Brotherhood won two notable victories-the receipt of an international charter from the American Federation of Labor and recognition by the Pullman Company as the bargaining agent for the porters and maids. Strengthened by its international union status and by its victory over the Pullman Company, the Brotherhood had become a dominant force in Negro circles by the late 1930s. References Chateauvert, Melinda. (1997). Marching Together Women of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Urbana University of Illinois Press. Harris, William. (1977).Keeping the Faith A. Philip Randolph, Milton P. Webster, and the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 1925-37. Urbana University of Illinois Press. Perata, David. (1996). Those Pullman megrims An Oral History of the African American Railroad Attendant. New York Twayne Publishers. Pfeffer, Paula F. A. (1990). Philip Randolph, broach of t he Civil Rights Movement. Baton Rouge Louisiana State University Press. Santino, Jack. (1991). Miles of Smiles, Years of defend Stories of Black Pullman Porters. Urbana University of Illinois Press. The Nation, June 9, 1926, p. 3.

Declining Educational Standards In Karachi Pakistan Education Essay

The cause of this probe was to place the chief(prenominal) grounds which change state the educational bills at substitute(prenominal) full stop in Karachi, Pakistan. The population of the analyse was both governing and private civilises disciples and instructors. The positions of manlike and female pupils and instructors were sought out. absolute majority of the respondents had the position that the bing un military unitive course of write up and order system atomic number 18 the chief grounds of worsening educational criterions at subaltern academic tier in Karachi, Pakistan. Many of the respondents state that rickety disposal along with unfavourable polish system became its grounds. Short look-alike of respondent opinioned that im prudish health installations, neediness of co-curricular activities and outmoded eruditeness methods caused the sub warning counselling.IntroductionThe education is sledding one of the specifying endeavors of the twenty-fir st century with the outgrowth of globalisation and increasing planetal competition. Pakistan is determined to react positively to emerging demands, chances and challenges of globalisation. Education is being considered a cardinal to alter and come on. Advancement and prosperity of the state depends on the sort of content that is provided to the people. This survey was designed to explicate and foreground the criterions of pedagogics at standby storey in Karachi. Educational criterions present standards by which judgements can be made by province and local naturalize squashs and communities, assisting them to make up ones mind which course of study, Torahs of disposal, wellness plan, staff outgrowth activity and assessment plan is appropriate. Educational criterions promote policies that will pack coordination, consis disco biscuitce, and coherency to the fall inment of the procedure of teaching. They allow everyone to travel in the akin way, with the confidence that the hazards they take in the name of bettering dictation will be supported by policies and patterns through and throughout the system. Performance criterions describe what degree of popular presentation is good plenty for pupils to be described as advanced(a), proficient, under basic, or by about other earth presentation degree. ordinarily educational criterion stands for woodland of instruction. Quality has been the end of an ageless interestingness through the corridors of human history. It has been the divining force of all human enterprises. Educational criterions of Pakistan grow been a burning issue among the educationists since independency. Every member of the society has its own(prenominal) positions concern the educational criterions in Pakistan. Although, every authorities tried its shell to raise the criterions of instruction but their attempts were chiefly limited to fixing unless educational policies in documents. We could non happen practical execution of thei r recommendations sing criterions of instruction in Pakistan. In the more huge sense a criterion is any thing used to mensurate, for illustration a criterion of behavior, a criterion of weight or length. Actually a criterion is a thing which has been used as a theoretical account to which objects or actions may be compared. The criterion of instruction is defined in cyclopedia of Education ( 1985 ) in the undermentioned sense In the instruction context, so, criterions should be regarded as aims to be achieved or outlooks of desirable attitude or degrees of public presentation . 1 Research QuestionsWhy the Karachi Secondary instruction declined?What the grounds tin the worsening criterion of junior-grade instruction in Karachi?What are the resolvent which can raise the criterion of vicarious instruction in Karachi?Aims of the survey( I ) To specify the existent significance of educational criterions.( two ) To analyse the positions and judgment of pupils and instructors about- the chief grounds ofworsening educational criterions at alternate degree in Karachi.( three ) To give suggestions and recommendation for bettering the educational criterions at secondary degree.MethodologyThis survey depended on quantitative Secondary inquiry, we analysing the information which is already on hand(predicate) in records. The intent is to determine the overall public presentation of the authorities and private secondary schools sing standard instruction provided by them.ConsequencesThe placid information was converted into tabular arraies. Findingss and decisions were drawn in the visible light beam of these tabular arraies by the research exiters.Table 1. The thoughts and positions of authorities secondary schools male and female pupils sing the chief grounds of worsening educational criterions at secondary degree in Karachi 2 .S.NoDescriptionMale( take for ) ( % )Male( take issue ) ( % )Female( Agree ) ( % )Female( Disagree ) ( % )1 unsound disposal703090102 set course of study802080203Ineffective military rank system653560404Imperfect review system703055455 illegitimate wellness installations455555456Lack of co-curricular activities554545557Outdated instruction methods950590108Inaccessibility of scholarships45553070Table 2 3 . Private secondary schools studentaYs positions about the causes of low standard instruction at secondary degree in Karachi were eminentlighted.S.NoDescriptionMale( Agree ) ( % )Male( Disagree ) ( % )Female( Agree ) ( % )Female( Disagree ) ( % )1Defective disposal604070302Inflexible course of study653585153Ineffective rating system752570304Imperfect review system653590105Improper wellness installations406050506Lack of co-curricular activities307045557Outdated instruction methods950595058Inaccessibility of scholarships45553565Table 3. 4 The positions of instructors belonging to authorities secondary schools about the chief grounds of worsening criterion of instruction at secondary degree in Karachi are stated.S.N oDescriptionMale( Agree ) ( % )Male( Disagree ) ( % )Female( Agree ) ( % )Female( Disagree ) ( % )1Defective disposal604040602Inflexible course of study802080203Ineffective rating system604040604Imperfect review system802060405Improper wellness installations406060406Lack of co-curricular activities406040607Outdated instruction methods604060408Inaccessibility of scholarships40602080The Role and date of TeachersThe quality of instructors, which is a cardinal factor in any instruction system, is hapless in Pakistan. The chief ground is the low degree of educational makings required to go a primary school instructor which includes ten old ages of reading and an eleven-month certification plan. It has been established through assorted surveies that pupil accomplishment is closely related to the figure of old ages of formal schooling of instructors. therefore, pupils of instructors with 12 old ages of schooling perform better than pupils of matriculate ( 10 old ages instruction ) inst ructors, who in bend perform better than pupils of instructors with alone grade eightqualifications. The 2nd factor relates to the quality of instructor enfranchisement plans, which suffersfrom the deficiency of adequately tr ained maestro trainers, small accent on acquirement pattern and non-existence of a proper support/monitoring system for instructors. In the absence of any commissioned organic structure to attest instructors, the spotless acquisition of a certificate/diploma is considered sufficient to use for a teaching place. In add-on, teacher assignment in schools is capable to incumbrance from local involvement groups seeking to topographic point instructors of their pick at heart their constituency. This has opened the system to graft and lease seeking taking to soaring degrees of instructor absenteeism accentuated by the absence of an useful supervising system. The assignment of instructors in particular in primary schools is capable to the political influence or paid immense money.Training for Government Teachers 5 The disposal of teacher preparation in Pakistan is a provincial duty. However, the course of study wing at the national degree is excessively responsible for teacher instruction institutions.Government primary school instructors are practised through Government Colleges for Elementary Teachers ( GCETs ) , the distance instruction plan of the allama Iqbal Open University ( AIOU ) , and teacher preparation classs run in secondary schools known as Normal Schools or PTC units. Alumnuss of these establishments are taught a similar course of study, and receive the Primary Teaching surety ( PTC ) or Certificate in Teaching ( CT ) at the terminal of one twelvemonth. Generally, the figure of appliers is far greater than the figure of topographic points available. thither is besides an dandy deficit of instructor preparation installations, peculiarly for female instructors in certain(prenominal) parts and particularly in the stat e of Balochistan.Private School TeachersThe quality of instruction imparted by the great deal of private schools is questionable owing to an acute famine of decently educate and qualified instructors, and any sort of support instrument for these instructors. Except for big school systems like Beaconhouse, City, Lahore Grammar, and others, which constitute a subaltern per centum of the bing private schools the bulk of others pose appointed instructors who are qualified up to intercede ( 12 old ages of schooling ) or BA degree ( 14 old ages of instruction ) , and are paid such(prenominal) subvert wages compared to their opposite numbers in the authorities sector in add-on to no occupation security. The big schools and school systems have instituted their ain instructor preparation plans or entree specialised private establishments. There is less disposition in these schools to engaging instructors who have antecedently been trained by authorities establishments and hold grades in B. Ed or M. Ed their penchant is for those fluid in English linguistic communication. Therefore, really a few(prenominal) instructors hired by the private schools have had any pre-service preparation. Thereis a mat demand to heighten the professional accomplishments of those who are presently working through assorted inset plans.DiscussionEducation is a powerful tool and cardinal force in the life of adult male. Deepak ( 2006 ) stated that instruction plays an instructional duty in determining the fate of the individual and the hereafter of world. SEAMEO-Jasper Research honor ( 2009 ) further clears that instruction provides chances to get cognition and competences to work in a planetary environment. The end of remodeling a cohesive, just and harmonious community, bound in concert in solidarity for deeper apprehension and cooperation, presents new challenges for bookmans and instruction practicians in geting new constructs and advanced theoretical accounts for effectual i nstruction and acquisition. The criterion of instruction is direct effect and result of the quality of instructors and learning methods used by them. Society believes that competent, effectual instructors are of import keys to a strong system of instruction. Consequently, instructors are expect to be adept in the usage of instructional engineerings and category elbow room direction techniques. They are besides expected to hold a arrant(a) apprehension of the developmental degrees of their pupils and a societal group of the content they teach. To living and widen this high degree of accomplishments, instructors are expected to be cognizant of model patterns and to show a devise for professional development. Teacher competence and effectivity includes the duty to assist all scholars win. Sing criterions Seth ( 1970 ) stated that we have provided more and more money to more and more of that we may be making ill. We hope that we could make it better. Educationists of international d ifferentiation have suggested that it will be possible merely by developing meet course of study and using educational engineerings to do the course of study more effectual and the school more efficient. Jalala ( 2004 ) said that on the basis of wide aims, course of study planning should be done and suitable capable content, behavioural results and other acquisition experiences be put in for doing curriculum comprehensive. It should be based on the findings of course of study research and be enriched by interdisciplinary coaction among experts on different topics. All this would lend to the design of a entire school course of study that is complementary every bit good as comprehensive. In Pakistan quality instruction has marked a clear line of favoritism on fiscal evidences, and more well, it is beyond the range of many pupils. Muhammad ( 2009 ) declared that the saddening and deteriorating berth of educational system in the state raises many fingers on instruction section, whose representatives, so confidently, sing vocals of triumph in every of their visual aspect. There is no answerability of the typical landlord civilization, which is traveling on in bulk of the countryaYs establishments. If authorities purposes to make the sky of standard instruction and to supply it at doorsill of every Pakistani, it should maintain its eyes unfastened, as the written records and work in advancement in the edifices named schools, are non in any persuade or absorbing place. oddly for the betterment of criterion at secondary degree instruction sufficient stairss should be taken, because secondary instruction is linking tie between primary and high instruction as Srivastara ( 2005 ) stated that secondary instruction is frequently considered as the most of import section of the wiz acquisition.Harmonizing to Water and McFadden ( 2003 ) secondary school is a topographic point where much complex interaction takes topographic point that has a important partake on the i ndividuality formation of immature people and the consequent success in big life. Education is the basic right of every person in the society but unluckily, educational criterions in Pakistan are worsening fastly. One of the most of import factors in criterions of instruction is good rating system. Evaluation plays a great function in the accomplishments and acquisition of single. Particularly it can be helpful for instructors to analyse as Lal ( 2005 ) stated that rating help the instructors to better his schoolroom processs and methods of learning in the visible beam of provender back. Unfortunately in Pakistan imperfect rating system besides devalue the criterions of instruction in schools.Recommendation( I ) The course of study of secondary degree should be improved harmonizing to the demands of clip and wants of the society.( two ) Introduce high quality choice process for secondary degree instructors and offer the campaigners better inducements.( three ) The disposal of schoo l should be effectual and efficient. It should maintain representative attack.( four ) The rating system at secondary degree should be organized and modern techniques must be used to measure the abilities of a kid.( V ) There should non be political intervention in educational establishments.( six ) All secondary authorities and private schools should be allocated with proper wellness installations ( neat and clean and harmonizing to the wellness rules nutrient and handiness of physician or a nurse in the schools ) .( seven ) The lone trained instructors should be appointed in schools.( eight ) The secondary school instructors should put on modern learning methods harmonizing to the age and psychological demands of pupils.( nine ) There should be chances provided to the pupils for take parting in different co-curricular activities.( ten ) The procedure of review should be done in proper and democratic manner and the construct of favours should be out of this procedure.( eleven ) The scholarships should be provided to meriting and intelligent pupils at secondary degree in schools.( twelve ) Various squads of experts should be involved in executing the above mentioned undertaking of betterment and formation.DecisionAfter analysing the consequences it can be comfy concluded that uneffective disposal, non flexible course of study and outdated learning methods used by instructors are the chief grounds of worsening educational criterions at secondary degree. We may state that to some extent the imperfect rating system and bad review involved in this impairment. Improper wellness installations, political intervention, missing of co-curricular activities, non handiness of scholarships are besides some of the factors which destroy criterions of instruction at secondary degree in Karachi.REFFERNCESSpaulding S ( 1970 ) . The record is so impressive, UNESCO Department Publications.Jalala KC ( 2004 ) . Rao Digmarti, Methods of Teaching Educational Technology, husking Publishing House.Tiwari D ( 2006 ) . Methods of Teaching Education, Crescent Publishing Corporation. International encyclopaedia of Education, Ref. LB 1569, 1985, 10 Volumes.SEAMEO-Jasper Research Award ( 2009 ) . Annual Report.Subject TeachersaY Professional Development in Southeast Asia .Jalalzai MK ( 2005 ) . The Crisis of Education in Pakistan, secernate Policiesand Textbooks, Al-Abbas international Publications Lahore.Mukhopadhyay M ( 2005 ) . Entire Quality Management in Education, Sage-Publications.JavaScript ( history print ) ( 2004 ) . Published on 21st September, Available at knowledge domain Wide Web. Edweek. Org/rc/issues/standards. Accessed 05 -08-2009.Aslam P ( 2005 ) . Policies and Policy Formation, National Foundation, Lahore.Srivastara DS ( 2005 ) Secondary Education, Mehra first-class honours degree Press.Lal JP ( 2005 ) Educational Measurement and Evaluation, Anmol Publications PVT LTD.

Prometheus Essay

When I was reading Prometheus, I came upon a lot of similarities between the story and Frankenstein The raw Prometheus. I believe Frankenstein The Modern Prometheus was a good name for bloody shame Shelleys book for multiple reasons. One reason was that both Prometheus and headmaster, disrespect what people said, gave very valuable but dangerous intimacys to both nightspot and individual persons. Another reason might be that both superior and Prometheus had to suffer for their bad decisions. Both Frankenstein The Modern Prometheus and Prometheus share many similarities by means of both their t angiotensin converting enzyme and morale.In Frankenstein The Modern Prometheus, the tone of the subject to the occasion plainly screams disapproval and a little bit of appreciation. When bloody shame Shelley graduation exercise writes of Victor creating the monster, she shows excitement by her writing when she brings up the idea that purport could be shaped in a lab and given up t o a lifeless cosmos. But, afterward on in the book, when she is writing for Victors character, she clearly expresses much hatred and disapproval of the idea of the giving of life to lifeless beings.She expresses these ideas through Frankensteins unadorned anger and pain that is caused because of his reckless choice to create life. In terms of morale, Shelley makes it clear life is not meant to be created and given away. Life is supposed to be a very valuable thing to be appreciated every mean solar day. But yet, she still shows that good suffer seminal fluid from a bad democracy of affairs. These are some of the examples of Shelleys wise to(p) moral and tone in Frankenstein The Modern Prometheus. In Prometheus the authors tone also shows disapproval, but it benefactions positive thoughts about the gift of fire.When Prometheus first gives fire to the people of the earth, the author expresses both his approval and disapproval of the situation through Zeuss character and Pro metheuss character. When Zeus says, nowadays that they have that gift, theres no telling what theyll do. Soon they ordain be so proud of their accomplishments, that they will think they are as great as gods. Who knows, they might even try to storm Olympus itself, the author obviously is glowing with disapproval of the idea. However, the author admits that some good could come out of it, when Zues decides to give the humans a chance ather than burn them in their own flames. Now we are to the point where I must state both the stories similarities. Both the Prometheus and Frankenstein The Modern Prometheus are similar in so many ways I easily understand why Mary Shelley named her novel based on the Greek fiction. One of the most obvious reasons is the close similarity in the plot. Both Victor and Prometheus are penalise for their decisions they had make. They also both think their choices will contribute to society, instead of being a menace to society. Another major similarity is t hat the authors of both stories present the same lesson throughout each story.The lesson is that some things are meant to be left field alone or else major consequences will follow because of the decision to play with those things. In Frankenstein The Modern Prometheus, Victor tampers with the matter of life his consequence is the suffering of being responsible for the murder of those he loves. In the Greek Myth Prometheus, Prometheus tampers with the matter of fire his consequence is being tortured every day for the rest of eternity by excruciating physical pain. Those are a couple of the many similarities between the two classic stories.Both the Greek fabrication Prometheus and novel Frankenstein The Modern Prometheus were good stories to read. They both provided very good life lessons. One is that if one is doing something that requires unwanted lying to those they love, one probably should not be doing it in the first place. Another is that one needs to sham responsibility f or his or her actions and accept it with open arms because it was due to their one decision. After reading these stories many similarities arose for me that helped me make the decision that Mary Shelleys novel was appropriately named.

AIDS/HIV

Acquired Immune need Syndrome ( support) is the onward motion of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (human immunodeficiency computer virus). help is the final stop of the culture of human immunodeficiency virus. Without receiving manipulation, an HIV infected person usually develops AIDS within 10 long time (Advert.org, 2007). In order to understand AIDS, you must understand where it comes from HIV.HIV is a virus, transmitted from one person who is infected to another person who is not infected. HIV attacks the repellent system and kills a specific system jail cell called a CD4 lymphocyte (Advert.org, 2007). HIV is a rapid mutating virus, which helps it form cosmos destroyed by the immune systems natural defenses.According to the touch on for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the prototypical human case of HIV appe bed in a male from the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1959. It is unknown exactly how he became infected (CDC.gov, 2007). The CDC stated (2007)For many year s scientists theorized as to the origins of HIV and how it appeared in the human population, most believing that HIV originated in other primates.Then in 1999, an international team of researchers reported that they had discovered the origins of HIV-1, the predominant strain of HIV in the developed world. A slipstream of chimpanzees native to west equatorial Africa had been identified as the original writer of the virus.The researchers believe that HIV-1 was introduced into the human population when hunters became exposed to infected blood (CDC.gov, 2007).In America, the first cases of AIDS occurred in the beginning of the 1980s. There had been a few cases of transgender men who developed opportunistic atomic number 50cers or infections that did not respond to treatment attempts. AIDS was not yet named. AIDS was later identified in 1982.There are four main spots that compose HIV infection primordial infection, clinically asymptomatic stage, symptomatic HIV infection, and prog ression from HIV to AIDS (Advert.org). Primary infection is similar to the flu, with symptoms that are characteristic of the flu virus. This stage only lasts a few weeks. During this stage, diagnosis is of 10 missed (Advert.org, 2007) The clinically asymptomatic stage canful have an average duration of ten years. There are usually no symptoms during this time. Antibody tests, however, can be domineering for HIV.The viral load test plays an important role in treatment. It measures the descend of HIV that enters the lymph nodes, where the virus tends to gravitate to (Advert.org, 2007). The symptomatic HIV infection stage shows more symptoms. This is because the immune system has been damaged quite a turning more. The symptoms can start out weak and become stronger as the immune system deteriorates further. During this time, many opportunistic infections and cancers appear (Advert.org, 2007). The final stage is the progression from HIV to AIDS. A person with HIV will be diagnosed w ith AIDS when they develop a low count of T helper cells. They whitethorn as well as be diagnosed with AIDS if they have several opportunistic infections or cancers (Advert.org).The symptoms of AIDS can vary. Most symptoms are caused by infections. Many are similar to the flu virus, such as fever, chills, and weakness. Major pulmonary illnesses that can occur are pneumocystis pneumonia and tuberculosis.Major GI illnesses that can occur are esophagitis and chronic diarrhea. Major neurological illnesses that can occur are toxoplasmosis, which infects the brain, eyes, or lungs, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), which causes nerve impulse impairment, AIDS dementia complex (ADC), and cryptoccal meningitis, which can be fatal if not treated (Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia, 2007).Major opportunistic cancers occur in people with HIV, and almost always signal progression to AIDS. The following cancerous cancers can lead to an AIDS diagnosis Kaposis sarcoma the most every day type of tumor found in HIV+ people affects the skin, mouth, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract B-cell lymphomas the presence of these cancers almost guarantees a person has progressed to AIDS cervical cancer In women with HIV, this cancer is caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV)With a weakened immune system, HIV+ people can also develop a large amount of infections that can be bacterial, fungal, parasitic, or viral in nature. The following are descriptions of some of the possibilities, provided by MayoClinic.org (2006)

Review of the Article About Gopher It Essay

The argumentation plan of Goffer It is tout ensemble about the plans and strategies for the establishment of an errand attend to for paids in the business district of Boston. The service includes standard service, which includes usual time-consuming errand works of professionals, and custom service, which includes services tally to the needs of the people. This partnership sign of the zodiac is to be founded by three passing experienced professionals with adequate knowledge in management and administration.The new reckon they plan out is apt as there are not many resembling ventures around their targeted locality and it is laid-backly felt to be of need for the people. The population and the potential people interaction is quiet high in that locality. The services offered are quiet many and no contention is as well(p) as Goffer It. They had a very good marketing strategy and the formost among it is to utilize the benefits of the locality. As many thousands of people trip up through the area it gives a natural opportunity for them to expose the firm to many without much of expenditure.This untapped market faeces be besides expanded by way of short advertising campaigns too. The core of it include * Needs of the target market on the basis of geography, demography, life expression and buyer intentions. * Product differentiation. * Effective and profitable marketing mix. They also had a clear plan for the future, ways and means for expansion and to make it a profitable business in short time span of much than a year. They were very clear about the service to be delivered and the determine of it.Their idea is to give the best service and gain customers through member of mouth. As the founders of this venture the three of them are well experienced and that they throw away prior experience in managing other but somewhat similar ventures. The best part of the organizational structure is that the three at the take are professionally fit for this wo rk and they are good and competent in finance and marketing, which can be considered the key areas of a business. Their advantages can be summarized in the following points.Untapped errand market * Large customer base * Low cost of marketing * Geographical advantage * life style of the people and their need for errand services * Experience of the partners in management * Their professional qualification in finance and marketing * Possibility of future expantion every these make this business very attractive and a possible winner in the near future. There are no areas as such that are not addressed by them. Thus in this business plan we see a clear vision of a smashing firm in the years to come.

Canada History Essay

Everywhere you might hear the roll of the drum, and there was no family adept had its soldier, and few that did not nonplus their dead. There were a score of thousand British phalanx in the Northern provinces, and any week brought rumors and alarms, and portents of victory or defeat. The haggard post-rider came galloping in with news from northeastern and west, which the anxious village folks gather to hear. There gull been skirmishes, successes, retreats, surprises, massacres, retaliations.In 1867 the Canadian autobiography was the plentys ancestors who become the Statesn Indians (North American Indians) that first entered North America from Siberia some time around 14,00015,000 old age ago. A wave of further migrations from Siberia, beginning about 4,000 years ago, brought the Inuit people, who colonised across the whole of Arctic North America, from Alaska through Northern Canada to Greenland (Fregault, 1969). The European baring is where Europeans sight North America were the Vikings in 986.An expedition take by Leif Ericsson sailed from Greenland, visited Baffin Island, and sailed down the Labrador coast to wisefoundland, which was named Vinland. The remains of a Viking settlement have been found on the island, but it would seem that the Viking colony was shortlived. The Viking discovery was forgotten in Europe, and it was 500 years before another European, stool Cabot reached the shores of Canada (1497). In 1534 Jacques Cartier, a Frenchman, undertook a voyage of discovery along the coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador, and on his second voyage (153637) discovered the St Lawrence River and travelled as far as the Huron capital, Hochelaga (the site of Montreal). Some small settlements were made by the French, but have been abandoned it after devil years (Hayes, 2002).The French and British argument was until 1608 that Samuel de Champlain, who had visited the country in 1603 and subsequent years, founded the city of Quebec. The St Lawrence region formed a French colony under the name of Canada for the next century and a half. Meanwhile, the English formed the Hudsons Bay Company in 1670 and began to put uping with the American Indians that is now the Northwest Territories.A French colony, known as Acadia, had also been established in Nova Scotia at the beginning of the 17th century, but the arrival of English and Scottish colonists led to a long caterpillar track conflict for possession until the territory came they became under British control by the Treaty of Utrecht (1713). Finally, in 1749 the British founded the settlement of Halifax and installed many British colonists, and the quest year the French settlers were expelled for refusing to swear loyalty to the British crown. Many of these Acadians by and by settled in Louisiana, where they became known as Cajuns (Eccles,1969).Louis Reil is perhaps the approximately arguable figure in Canadian historiography. He is a drop deader of his people in their resist ance against the Canadian government in the Canadian Northwest. His life history and deeds have spawned a massive and diverse literature. He was natural in the Red River Settlement (in what is now Manitoba) in 1844. He is a promising student and was sent to Montreal to train for the priesthood, but he never graduated. An attempt at training as a lawyer, and by 1868 Riel was back in the Red River area. Ambitious, well educated and bilingual, Riel quickly emerged as a leader among the Metis of the Red River.In 1869-1870 he headed a provisional government, which would at long last negotiate the Manitoba Act with the Canadian government. The Act established Manitoba as a province and provided some protection for French language righteousnesss. Riels leaders in the agitation, especially his decision to execute a Canadian named doubting Thomas Scott, anti-Catholic and anti-French sentiment in Ontario. Although chosen for a female genital organ in the hold of Commons on three occasio ns, he was unable to take his seat in the house. In 1875, Riels role in the death of Scott resulted in his exile from Canada. These years in exile would include stays in two Quebec asylums and the growing belief in Riel that he had a apparitional mission to lead the Metis people of the Canadian northwest (Chartrand, 1999).Riel was the undisputed ghostly and political head of the short-lived 1885 Rebellion. He never carried arms and hindered the be given of his military head, Gabriel Dumont. Riel was increasingly influenced by his belief that he was chosen to lead the Metis people. On May 15, shortly after the fall of Batoche, Riel surrendered to Canadian forces and was taken to Regina to stand trial for movement (Lloyd, 1959).At his trial, Riel gave two long speeches which demo his powerful rhetorical abilities. He personally rejected attempts by his demur counsel to prove he was not guilty by reason of insanity. On 1 August 1885, a jury of six English-speaking Protestants fo und Riel guilty but recommended mercy. Judge Hugh Richardson sentenced him to death. Attempted appeals were dismissed and a special re-examination of Riels mental state by government found doctors found him sane. He was hanged in Regina on 16 November, 1885. His execution was wide opposed in Quebec and had lasting political ramifications (Lee, 1986).While in the action of the Plains of Abraham, this was also known as the Battle of Quebec, this was a pivotal battle in the Seven Years War (referred to as French and Indian War in the United States). The confrontation, which began on 12 September 1759, fought mingled with the British Army and Navy, and the French Army, on a plateau just outside the walls of Quebec City (Stuart, 2003). The battle involved fewer than 10,000 troops amid both sides, but proved to be in the conflict between France and Britain over the fate of New France, influencing the later creation of Canada (Casgrain, 1964).The culmination of a three-month siege by the British, the battle lasted less than an hour. British troops commanded by General James Wolfe successfully resisted the column advance of French troops and Canadian militia under Louis-Joseph, Marquis de Montcalm (Hibbert, 1959). The two generals were mortally weakened during the battle, Wolfe died on the field and Montcalm passed away the next morning. In the wake of the battle, Frances remaining military force in Canada and the rest of North America came under increasing pressure from British forces. Within four years, intimately all of Frances possessions in eastern North America would be ceded to Great Britain (Anderson, 2000).The battle itself has bind Montcalm and Wolfe. Montcalm has been treated leniently by history he was indeed a brilliant and heroic soldier, and he had the crowning(a) honor of dying bravely at Quebec, but he cannot be held blameless in this affair. He had taught the Indians that he was as one of themselves, had omitted no means of securing their amit y had danced and sung with them and smiled approvingly and he had no right to imagine that they would believe him sincere in his promise to spare the prisoners. The two military leaders of the French and British fought the battle as the most promising event in their lives. The two generals leave a legacy to the Plains of Abraham.BibliographyAnderson, Fred. 2000. Crucible of War The Seven Years War and the Fate of pudding stone in British North America, 1754-1766. New York.Casgrain, H.R. 1964. Wolfe and Montcalm. Toronto University of Toronto Press.Chartrand, Rene. 1999. Quebec 1759. Oxford Osprey Publishing.Eccles, W.J. 1760. The Canadian Frontier. New York Holt.Fregault, Guy. 1969. Canada The war of the Conquest. Toronto Oxford University Press.Hayes, Derek. 2002. Historical Atlas of Canada. Vancouver Douglas & Mc Intyre Ltd.Hibbert, Christopher. 1959. Wolfe at Quebec. New York The humans Publishing Company.Lee , Kenneth. 1986. The French armies in the seven years war. Universit y Press.Lloyd, Christopher.1959. The grip of Quebec. London B.T. Batsford, Ltd.Reid, Stuart. 2003. The Battle that Won Canada. Oxford Osprey Publishing.

The Roles of the Mentor and of the Preceptor in Nursing

The breast feeding profession has found itself under siege in recent decades, veneering an in competent number of students entering the field to replace those individuals who argon release it. For this reason it is incumbent on those individuals already employed as nurses to aid the newly graduated nurses entering the field, easing their transition and instigateing with keeping.Both learns and fathers are practicing nurses who have put themselves into these supportive roles, ensuring that the conditions in the clinical environment stimulate a safe and efficient workplace amenable to appropriate breast feeding care. As a result of this great and continued need for the retention of new and newly advanced nurses, both mentors and fathers are of overwhelming tax to the profession. The roles that these individuals play, however, are quite different, despite their equal value in nursing education.Mentors in Nursing PracticeMentors have long been part of nonrecreational developme nt in other fields, dating back to antediluvian Greece and ancient Rome and, perhaps, beyond. Morton-Cooper and Palmer (2000), citing Hamilton, state that it was fully expected that the youths would learn from and emulate the value of their assigned mentor. The term mentor became synonymous with wise, faithful guardian and teacher (37).Some of the assumptions associated with a mentor and mentee relationship are that the mentee will finally beat self-directed through with(predicate) guidance, rather than other-directed and that the mentee will eventually become more performance oriented through the development of critical view skills developed over time in practice, rather than relying on the noesis obtained in school (Morton-Cooper & Palmer, 2000). It is up to the mentor to help the mentee develop these skills through a collaborative effort, acting as a guide to assist the mentee with achieving his or her potential.Preceptors in Nursing PracticeLike mentors, preceptors are ad roit clinicians who possess a broad body of knowledge. Many nurses who excel at their nursing practice behind be preceptors, even if they do not possess the teaching skills to be mentors. Unlike mentors who work closely with their mentees, preceptors are individuals that model behavior for the learners on the clinical floor. In addition, preceptors observe the learners and examine and evaluate the behaviors and activities that they observe. Preceptors have what efficacy be termed a quasi-mentoring role in terms of students, providing support when the student needs it, rather than the sidereal day to day guidance provided by the mentor. According to Morton-Cooper and Palmer (2000) the lack of understanding of the preceptors role allowed it to be conf employ with that of the mentor (p. 47).Learning ContractA learnedness contract is a formal tool apply in mentoring situations. This contract makes provisions for resource allocations, establishes the relationship between mentor and mentee, and provides sufficient and useful assessment of the learners progress (Morton-Cooper & Palmer, 2000). In addition, preceptor learning contracts that set the learning objectives held by both the learner and the preceptor are useful documents, particularly in the case of rotating schedules and other difficulties that might prevent the preceptor and learner from being on the floor at the same time.The learning contract can as well be used as a learning diary, in which the learner records the emotions connected with the clinical experience (Morton-Cooper & Palmer, 2000). Because clinical nursing experience is an experiential form of learning, having records of the learning process and the emotions associated with it can provide valuable insight in companionship with the environment in which the nurse is learning and working. In addition, this contract can be used to provide a roadmap that might be used to measure the learners commitment to the program.ConclusionThe preceptor and the mentor are both valuable members of the teaching team, who act in union with the nurse educators classroom instruction. The learning contract is also a valuable learning and teaching tool that can be used to direct both the teaching process and the learning process, as well. ReferenceMorton-Cooper, A., & Palmer, A. (2000). Mentoring, preceptorship and clinical supervision A guide to professional roles in clinical practice. Malden, MA Blackwell Publishing, Inc.

Paulo Coelho Biography

Paulo Coelho No sensation thought Paulo would always amount to anything. While attending a Jesuit school as a teenager, he mooned of becoming a writer. When he revealed his race goals to his mother, she told him My dear, your father is an engineer. Hes a logical, reasonable man with a very extend vision of the world. Do you actually know what it means to be a writer? He was determined to prove to them that he could accomplish his dream, whether they sanctioned or not. After he turned seventeen, his parents placed him into a cordial institution.Their reason being, they wanted to protect him from himself. Paulo Coelho wanted to be different he wanted to follow an untraditional path. Coelho later admitted that his parents did not do that to repeal me, they did that to save me. At the time, Paulo must not have understood that since he escaped the institution three times before he was released at age 20. Coelhos parents convinced him to register for Law School they were liquid we ll aware of his dream to become a writer.After a course of drudgery in Law School, he finally dropped out to dog his life as a Hippie, traveling around the world absent-minded in the drug culture of that time. He later took up a career in songwriting for Rita Lee, Elis Regina, Raul Seixas. The military government arrested him in 1974 because they believed his lyrics were undermining their authority. Twelve years after that incident, Paulo began the long expedition through the Road of Santiago de Compostela. minute did he know this was the beginning of a new life for him.During his trip he went through a spiritual development, which he describes in more detail in his book The Pilgrimage. Coelho left his songwriting career after axiom in an interview I had money, but I was not fulfilling my dream. My dream was, and still is, to be a writer. Even though Paulo was still indecisive rough initializing his writing career, he thought to himself, If I see a white feather today, th at is a sign that God is giving me that I have to write a new book. Coincidentally, in the window of shop at he found a white eather and he kept his omen to himself and began writing after that. He was 38 when his first book was published. In 1986, after writing Hell Archives and adding to Practical Manual of Vampirism, he wrote his first made book, The Pilgrimage. He discovered a small brazil nutian publishing house, and later a bigger publisher, and published his book The Alchemist about 12 months later. The Alchemist has become a best seller in Brazil and has been printed in over 70 languages, selling over 65 one thousand million copiesSince then, he has become a well-known author. Some of his other books take on Eleven Minutes, The Fifth Mountain, Brida and The Witch of Portobello. Brida and The Alchemist have both been made into successful movies, too. In the end, Paulo had a crazy life, but he never genuinely gave up on his dream of becoming a writer. No one believed he could do it, except himself. Paulo posted to his Facebook page in family that You dont need to explain your dreams. They belong to you, and has lived by this his whole life.

The non-fictional music review

The non-fictional music review is aimed at audiences of all ages, mostly to the cosmos who are contemplating buying or listening to the album. Although the foundation of this review is referential, it grows into much of an expressive and opinionated description of the tracks. There is an informal, planned and context demarcation structure, which will possess semi-permanence, as although it will be saved on the Internet, it does not contain enough importance to be around permanently.The introducing split with a simile attached to a metaphor to portray the bands chronicle chucked back and forth between critics like a piece of dun between angry dogs. This sheds a sense of the band having a rollercoaster-ride cartridge holder in the media and instantly gives interest as to why this band has had so much attention.The adjacency pair of a rhetorical question and what do they have to say? and an resolving power This album is resembling the readers questioning thoughts to the previo us assertion and turns the subject from the bands past to the present. A description of adjectives and noun phrases follows filled with argumentative lyrics and foxy tunes to fight back to the criticsThe next paragraph is informational with numerical adjectives 20th July 2008, 300,000, 2.5 trillion and number 8 to give a factual background for the shady readers. Quoting a member of the band and the producer also interests fans Tom Fletcher revealed, manufacturing business Jason Perry describesI included an intensifier which I continuously used to redeem interest and keep an elevated description to give the image of mislead annoyance all over Britain and raise the importance of the band fudge them in the battle of the charts caused uproar.I used repetition on the word smile in anyone tapping the steering wheel on a gloomy Monday morning to work with a smile on their governance and the ironically named Smile, reminding everyone to Just remember to smile, smile, smile, to re present the sunny attitude. In the former quote, I created a common exemplar situation to give a personal twist to the factual content.In the conclusion I quickly described their past work with an over-use of adjectives and proper nouns. I started the hold out paragraph with a concluding recommendation summary with a similar question-answer format to the beginning of the review (have to say? This album. ) Contemplating worth your hard-earned cash, the answer is yes. The finale statement is then an imperative order, buy this album.

Notes on Aryl Halides

3/22/2012 ARYL HALIDES 2. displacement reactions of diazonium salts ARYL HALIDES General formula ArX where X = F, Cl, Br or I Examples Structure ? C-X bonds are shorter and stronger Bond C-Cl C-Br Ar-X 1. 69 A 1. 86 A R-X 1. 77 1. 91 ? Dipole moments are unmistakably small. Bond C-Cl Pre paratroopertion 1. electrophilic aromatic rally useful only if unitary product is obtained C-Br Ar-X 1. 7 D 1. 7 D R-X 2. 10 D 2. 15 D ? Dipole moments may cancel out depending on the geometry of the molecule. 1 3/22/2012 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ?Boiling points similar to those of alkyl radical halides same trends ? Melting point Among disubstituted aryl dihalides, para isomer has unusually high MP 70 100 C higher than ortho and meta isomers ? Solubility behavior insoluble in water soluble in nonpolar organic solutions para isomer is less soluble than ortho or meta in any given solvent ? can be readily purified by recrystallization Consider REACTIONS 1. Electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS ) recall directing power (o, p director) but ring is deactivated toward EAS. 2.Nucleophilic redolent Substitution (NAS or SNAr) ipso substitution ? an atom or group separate than H is replaced in the reaction reaction Mechanisms For NAS A. BIMOLECULAR DISPLACEMENT addition-elimination chemical appliance occurs beneath mild conditions ***the aromatic ring must contain strongly electron withdrawing or electron attracting groups 2 3/22/2012 Observations 1. fragment effect (Bunnett) Aryl halides do non show much difference in reactivities toward NAS via bimolecular displacement. 2. Aryl fluorides are most reactive. II. Addition fast removal of the halogen as X- is not the rate determining step . B. The Benzyne Mechanism Elimination-addition mechanism occurs beneath forcing or vigorous conditions Evidence for the benzyne mechanism 1. scrambling of the label reaction mechanism 2. benzyne cannot form if both ortho positions are occupied by other groups 3 3/22/2012 D. Wurtz-F ittig Reaction 3. O-bromoanisole and m-bromoanisole give the same product under the reaction conditions. ANALYSIS 1. Chemical tests Test Reagent Br2/CCl4 KMnO4 AgNO3 Result (-) (-) (-)OTHER REACTIONS OF ARYL HALIDES 1. Metallation Reactions for aryl halides without reactive groups Grignard Reaction 2. IR Spectroscopy C-X absorptions lie in the fingerprint region ? not useful for analysis 1000 1350 cm-1 C F str. 750 850 cm-1 C Cl str. 500 680 cm-1 C Br str. 200 500 cm-1 C I str. Important peak frequencies 1500, 1600 cm-1 3000 3100 cm-1 aromatic C C str. aromatic C H str. Reaction with Lithium Metal Transmetallation most successful with ArBr and ArI 4

Presence of Symbolism Imagery in Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf Essay

The Presence of Baby Symbolism in Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf? by Edward Albee is packed with baby imagery. Albee seems to tack on an image of a baby to al nigh e actually page of the lend. The campaign out for this type of imagery is to figureize babies, which has great importance throughout the form of the play beca wasting disease it connects with the characters and themes in the novel.The direct repetition of the word baby becomes very apparent at the beginning of the play and stays consistent throughout. George and Martha forecast each other baby numerous times. Let me tell you a secret, baby (p.29) is just one of the many instances where George calls Martha baby and vice versa. Martha tends to use baby talk when speaking with George, especially when shes begging him for a drink. In addition, Martha and George also like to refer to break away and dearest as churlren.They treat them with an attitude as if they were little kids in their h ouse. An example of this is when George greets Nick and love with you must be our little guests (p.20) while Martha directly says cmon in, kids (p.20) to the couple. George continues to use baby imagery towards the guests, especially when hes describing honey on the bathroom floor. Peacefulso peaceful. Sound asleepand shes actuallysucking her thumb.rolled up like a fetus, eat away (p.184) demonstrates how George uses a baby-like diction when describing Honey. Honey is even draw as slim-hipped (p.44) a hardly a(prenominal) times in the play, suggesting that she cant bear children, giving the reader an imagery of pregnancy.Babies are one of the roughly dominant symbols in the play. Both couples have had pretend children in their dies. Honey had a hysterical pregnancy, giving Nick the sense of being hale into marrying her. However, Honeys pregnancy was just made up in her mind, and the reason for that is because she truly necessitates a child of her own. This becomes apparent w hen she cries I want a child, I want a baby (p.236). George and Marthas child is made up as well, because theyre unequal to(p) of having children but most importantly, to fill the void in their lives. Theyre c everywhereing up their uniting with the illusion of this child of theirs because they cant handle to face the purdah that overcomes their pathetic lives. Then George decides to kill their son, and Martha is completely devastated. The last few lines of the play reveal that Martha is truly afraid of living without illusion, which was her son.The symbolism of babies parallels a few themes in the play. The Visions of America theme is present since the reason why two couples want a baby is so that the child can lead meaning to their lives as well as finalize the missing scrap of the puzzle to the American Dream. The baby imagery also connects with the theme of conjugation by suggesting that a baby will create a boffo wedding ceremony for both the couples. Nick married Honey because of her hysterical pregnancy, and without delay its almost as if theyre stuck with each other with no passion present. George and Martha have been married for a long time today, and their sum started out with love but now they seem bitter and unhappy, and the reason for that could be because they have no child present in their lives. Nevertheless, the symbol of babies connects greatly with the theme of Illusion vs. Reality. The son was just an illusion for George and Martha because they were incapable of having a child and facing the reality of their lonely lives.Babies symbolize a various amount of things in Whos Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, such as truth, illusion, happiness and even the American Dream. The lives of both couples have changed drastically over the illusion of babies, even when they dont have any yet. Honeys hysterical pregnancy landed her in a marriage with Nick that didnt start out with love and passion. George and Martha have been masking piece the truth of their lives with their son for a long period of time. This has caused damage to their lives, and now theyre going to have to make some changes in put up to face the hard desolate lives that theyve been trying so hard to flight from. The message that Edward Albee is trying greatly to convey is that human beings must condition to live life without illusion obstructing the view, that way human beings can live their lives with full honesty.

Comic Relief in the Tale of Two Cities

Comic backup man is an important theatrical convention that makes the story more interesting and good-hearted to readers. In Charles fiends A Tale of Two Cities, hellion uses one of his minor but fascinating characters, Jerry Cruncher, to depict this. The two or three chapters dealing with Jerry Cruncher and his family life ar humourous and he in like manner illustrates the terrible poverty during the eighteenth century. And despite the novels sad fits and symbolic images, Dickens usesJerry to lighten things upa bit.Jerry Cruncher is a 4-dimensional tradesman, honest to some, but truly not, as well as a conscientious father and self-conscious individual. Jerry Cruncher can be described as gruff andragged. An odd-job man, who sits outside Tellsons Bank during the day and is a body-snatcher by night. He is also uneducated which lead him to do unnecessary actions. blushwhen describing Jerry, Dickens uses jokes. Mr.Cruncher himselfalways spoke of the year of ourLord as Anna do minos apparently under the impression that the Christian eradated from the machination of a popular game,by a lady who had bestowed her name upon it. (Dickens 66) Dickens also uses the character of Jerry to illustrate the terrible poverty of life in England during the 1700s when Dickens goes more in depth or soJerry in chapter 14 called The Honest Tradesman. This was a chapterdedicated solely to Jerry Cruncher. In this chapter, the about interesting and comic scene is presented.Jerry hassuch a hard m supporting his family thathe resorts to digging up dead bodies in mystic to help make ends meet. He tries to hide this by telling his wife and son that he is going fishing, but instead he was real fishing up for bodies to sell to a surgeon. Another humorous scene in the story is how he becomes paranoid and begins to hate that his wife prays about him. He believes that she is praying against him. What do you mean by flopping yourself down and praying against me? (Dickens 67) He s ometimes snubs and beats her for doing so.He constantly calls himself an honest tradesman, even to his son. All these peculiarities of Jerry Cruncher are humorous. In conclusion, Dickens uses comic relief to appeal to his readers and change the mood. Jerry Cruncher is a perfect example of this. His life is a prototype of the poverty during 18th century. Through his characteristics, misfortunes in life, and bizarre actions, Jerry Cruncher was able to provide the reader humorous scenes rather than the chaotic and violent drama of the French Revolution.

Curriculum Planning History Essay

Introduction political program cooking History has several(prenominal) historical or political occurrences that afford mostly influenced current political platform design through divers(a) teaching styles and patterns. Educational communities solve and fix our society and society in turn impacts the plan. Majority of all s realizeholders chat openly concerning their views today in hopes to persuade legislatures and cultivate officials about decisions passage forth or changing within school systems. In the expire 10 years some of the most dramatically changes within curriculum in the schools has resulted due to the increasing lean of US youth in school, the diversity of the US population, traditional classroom setting activities, increase in pre-kindergarten students beginning school, the likelihood of diminishing smaller schools, minimizing teacher/pupil ratios at a slow pace, technological future and the future becoming technology, and who is left-hand(a) to teach beco mes a critical question.The ELL laws and SIOP have impacted our educational communities curriculum development in both negative and authoritative looks. For example, some of the benefits of SIOP for non-ELL teachers argon dramatic increase awargonness in professional-development programs on how to teach English-language learners as a positive in the implementation of the law. Nevertheless, the No Child leftover Behind subprogram could be thought of as a impairment more than a benefit to English-language learners, this belief is one of the few researchers who have studied the impact that the law has had on instruction. I personally guess in the NCLB Act and I was very much an advocate for the Act when it initially became effective. Also we must acknowledge the indue education endeavour and how it identifies with the initial curriculum development both negatively and positively from its rootage implementations of corresponding development and particularisedations.Most Inf luential Historical/Political OccurrencesThe liquescent stool approach has interested educators in the integration of diversity. The melting feces approach was adopted in the 60s and 70s, soon quickly becoming cognise nationwide in the United States at the same time interacting with similar subjects of various cultural, ethnic and religious backgrounds. Metaphoric speaking contents of the potpeople of different cultures, languages and religions atomic number 18 combined so as to put down their distinct identities resulting in a final product that is quite fire but nothing like the normal consistency at start. Resulting in more multicultural, multiethnic and multi-religious societies it is important that curriculum understands and reflect these changes. As verbalize by Ornstein and Hunkins (1998), the complexion of our students is changing from one colour to various sunglasses of colour and this adding of colour and cultural diversity will continue into the predictable fut ure (p.146).As we continue to research our influential historical and political occurrences we take notice of the world changing into a global village. rules of order becoming even more diverse as people brings red-hot values and wise languages to assist in establishing a new way of life. Then there is the salad bowl approach where diversity is personified individually but all uniquely at the same time. In other words, take for instance the makeup of a salad where all ingredients (diverse backgrounds) maintain their own specific flavors.The salad bowl approach is better representation than the melting pot approach. It is politically correct to assume that Cultural diversity of pluralism demonstrates how most societal beliefs are made up of several voices and various races. This outline allows groups to show replete(p) manners and appreciation of each other coexisting and interacting without issues. Society members usually more committed than not in participating and sharing the trinity of power and decision making as history proves with this approach.ELL Laws and SIOP ImpactEducators specializing in teaching English-language learners tend to be uncertain about the federal No Child Left Behind Act. Although, most have expressed that the 10-year-old plus law has shown concern for the handling of test results resulting from the criteria spelled out within the NCLB Act. It is spare that the challenges these students face has prompted anincrease in professional development, specifically for mainstream teachers. While acknowledging the ELL Laws are not clear about the instruction being more positive or negative overall. As English-learners test scores fall picayune many believe it is wrong to penalize schools. In addition to reviewing the ELL laws we must address the Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol, or SIOP, defined as a model for teaching English and academic content simultaneously.For example, distinctly written objectives content, clearly writ ten language objectives, key vocabulary emphasized, various technique concepts usage to stress clarity, and providing many consistent opportunities for interactive teacher/student dialogue encouraging elaborated responses are some examples. For example, SIOP allows a teacher to implement various hands on teaching and cooking aids that can only assist in teaching the fair(a) ELL students at a more rapid pace.Gifted Education figurehead ImpactThe Gifted Education curriculum has impacted education for at least twenty-five years or more with various issues. then implementing and identifying key trends including values and substantial material for the elite, technological subject matter, aspects of productive interactive lesson plans for the academically skilled persons within core subject areas. It is writ large Passows flattering article on secondary programming was knowing for the gifted student that was justifiably leveled between mental and influential areas.Passows model pro vided answers on creating a guide for tracking implementations and improvements that called for concerns about evaluate ones own beliefs and assisting others who you might not agree with. It was also centered morally and ethically with developmental stages in reality and speech pattern on critical thinking and resolving problems, a stress on the liberal arts, and customized choices. Surely, Passow and VanTassel-Baska are advocates for Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate programs. Mentorships, internships, and independent study are all examples of why there is a choose for more customized interactions.ConclusionCurriculum Planning History occurrences are placed by the outcome of present and past societal decisions that have outweighed educational modelsand theories across the nation in various educational communities. Curriculum Planning prepares students from past experiences to embrace the now and willingly reaches out and take on the future. In other words, a curriculum unavoidably to address the wants and needs of everyone desiring to resolve social conditions locally, nationally and globally (McNeil, 1995). In the United States the number of school-age students will grow from more than 60 million in 2012 to peradventure 80 million in 2050. However, it is extremely critical not to write out or deny the possibilities the trends reveal. Therefore, we can hope Trends will best religious service as a starting point where educators and facilities professionals come together to think outside of the box, to ask what if, to wonder why cant we, and to consume the unconsidered.Flashing back on Chen, 20110, stating how open discussions of the potential impact of the trends on public education and its school structures will surely emerge new and exciting ideas. Undoubtedly, the roles of all stakeholders will be affected by a changing future. In conclusion, it has been proven that educators and educational specialists do continue to shape dive rse futures. As an old favorite African proverb of mine reminds us Tomorrow belongs to the people who prepare for it today.A Collaborative Curriculum is created and necessary based on the circumstances and beliefs during that period of time. The collaboration is brooding of various political ideologies, societal predictions, divine beliefs and wisdom conceptions at a particular point in time. While there is great advancements in information and communication technology, administrators, teachers and students are expressing and gathering views globally. It has been seen in other school systems and majority of all stakeholders would like to see these practices in their own educational community.ReferencesOrnstein, A. and Hunkins, F. Curriculum Foundations, principle and issues. (1998). Boston, MA Allyn & Bacon. Chapter 5 Social foundations of curriculum. Passow, A. H. (1986). Curriculum for the gifted and talented at the secondary level. Gifted Child Quarterly, 30, 186-191. See Vol. 4 , p. 103.Stevenson, K. R., (September 2010). Educational Trends formative School Planning, Design, Construction, Funding, and Operation., National Clearing House For Educational Facilities www.files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED539457.pdf Topic 3 Social Foundations of Curriculum peoplelearn.homestead.com/beduc/module_3.social.history.doc VanTassel-Baska, J., Zuo, L., Avery, L. D., & Little, C. A. (2002). A curriculum study of gifted-student learning in the language arts. Gifted Child Quarterly, 46(1), 30-44. See Vol. 5. VanTassel-Baska, J., (2003). Introduction to Curriculum for Gifted and apt Students A 25-Year Retrospective and Prospective. The College of William and Mary.

Nanoelectronics

Abstract Nano negatronics refer to the use of nano engineering on electronic components, especi solelyy transistors. Although the term nanotechnology is generally defined as utilizing technology less than 100nm in size, nanoelectronics often refer to transistor devices that atomic number 18 so low-toned that inter-atomic interactions and quantum mechanical properties rent to be studied extensively. As a result, present transistors (such(prenominal) as CMOS90 from TSMC or Pentium 4 Processors from Intel) do not surrender downstairs this category, steady though these devices argon manufactured chthonic 90nm or 65nm technology.This paper is all ab protrude the use of nanotechnology in electronics The aim of Nanoelectronics is to process, disseminate and store knowledge by taking advantage of properties of matter that be distinctly different from macroscopical properties. The relevant length scale depends on the phenomena investigated it is a some nm for molecules that act l ike transistors or entrepot devices, bottom of the inning be 999 nm for quantum dot where the stagger of the electron is world utilize to process information.Microelectronics, dismantle if the gate size of the transistor is 50 nm, is not an implementation of nanoelectronics, as no new qualitative strong-arm property related to reduction in size are cosmos exploited. Introduction Nanoelectronics fig no1 nanoelectronics Nanoelectronics are sometimes considered as disruptive technology because present candidates are significantly different from handed-down transistors. Some of these candidates include crossing molecular/semiconductor electronics, one dimensional nanotubes/nanowires, or advanced molecular electronics.The sub-voltage and deep-sub-voltage nanoelectronics are specific and important dramaturgy of R&D, and the appearance of new ICs operating near supposed pay back (fundamental, technological, design methodological, architectural, algorithmic) on expertness consu mption per 1 bit treat is inevitably. The important case of fundamental ultimate limit for logic unconscious process is the reversible computing. Although all of these hold immense promises for the coming(prenominal), they are still under development and will most likely not be utilize for manufacturing any time soon. This is the future f nanotechnology. What is Nanoelectronics? Semiconductor electronics live with seen a sustained exponential decrease in size and terms and a similar increase in performance and level of integration everywhere the last thirty old age (known as Moores Law). The Silicon Roadmap is laid out for the next ten years. After that, either economical or forcible barriers will pose a huge challenge. The former is related to the hindrance of making a profit in view of the exorbitant cost of building the required manufacturing capabilities if present day technologies are extrapolated.The latter is a direct consequence of the shrinking device size, leadi ng to physical phenomena hinder the performance of current devices. Quantum and coherence effects, high electric field of views creating avalanche dielectric breakdowns, heat dissipation problems in closely packed structures as well as the non-uniformity of dopant atoms and the relevance of single atom defects are all roadblocks along the current road of miniaturization. These phenomena are characteristic for structures a few nanometers in size and, instead of being viewed as an obstacle to future progress susceptibility form the basis of post- ti information processing technologies.It is even far from clear that electrons will be the method of choice for type processing or computation in the long term quantum computing, spin electronics, optics or even computing based on (nano-) mechanics are active agently being discussed. Nanoelectronics olibanum necessarily to be understood as a general field of research aimed at developing an cause of the phenomena characteristic of n anometer sized objects with the aim of exploiting them for information processing purposes.Specifically, by electronics we mean the handling of complicated electrical wave forms for communicating information (as in cellular phones), probing (as in radar) and data processing (as in reckoners). Concepts at the fundamental research level are being persued world-wide to align nano-solutions to these three characteristic applications of electronics. peerless can group these concepts into three important categories 1. Molecular electronics Electronic effects (e. g. electrical conductance of C60) Synthesis (DNA computing as a buzz word) 2. Quantum Electronics, Spintronics (e. g. quantum dots, magnetic effects) 3.Quantum computing Currently the most active field of research is the trickery and characterization of individual components that could replace the macroscopic silicon components with nanoscale establishments. Examples are molecular diodes , single atom switches or the increas ingly better control and understanding of the transport of electrons in quantum dot structures. A second field with substantial activity is the investigation of possible interconnects. Here, loosely carbon nanotubes and self-assembled metallic or organic structures are being investigated. very(prenominal) little work is being performed on architecture.Furtherto a greater extent, modeling with predictive ply is in a very juvenile stage of development. This understanding is necessary to develop engineering rules of thumb to design complex systems. One needs to appreciate that currently the best calculations of the conductance of a simple molecule such as C60 are off by a factor of more(prenominal) than 30. This has to do with the difficult to model, provided non-trivial influence of the electronic contact leads. The mail in quantum computing is somewhat different. The main activities are on theoretical development of core concepts and algorithms.Experimental implementations are only starting. An exception is the field of cryptography (information transportation), where entangled photon states propagating in a conventional optical roughage substantiate been demonstrated experimentally. Approaches to nanoelectronics Nanofabrication For example, single electron transistors, which involve transistor operation based on a single electron. Nanoelectromechanical systems alike falls under this category. Nanofabrication can be used to construct ultradense parallel arrays of nanowires, as an alternating(a) to synthesizing nanowires individually. Nanomaterials electronicsBesides being small and allowing more transistors to be packed into a single chip, the uniform and symmetrical structure of nanotubes allows a higher electron mobility (faster electron movement in the material), a higher dielectric regular (faster frequency), and a symmetrical electron/hole characteristic. Also, nanoparticles can be used as quantum dots. Molecular electronics Single molecule dev ices are another possibility. These schemes would get through heavy use of molecular self-assembly, designing the device components to construct a larger structure or even a complete system on their own.This can be very useful for reconfigurable computing, and whitethorn even completely replace present FPGA technology. Molecular electronics is a new technology which is still in its infancy, but also brings hope for truly atomic scale electronic systems in the future. This is one of many possible ship canal in which a molecular level diode / transistor might be synthesized by organic chemistry. A model system was proposed with a spiro carbon structure giving a molecular diode round half a nanometer across which could be connected by polythiophene molecular wires.Theoretical calculations showed the design to be sound in dogma and there is still hope that such a system can be make to work. Other approaches Nanoionics studies the transport of ions rather than electrons in nanoscale s ystems. Nanophotonics studies the manner of light on the nanoscale, and has the goal of developing devices that take advantage of this behavior. Nanoelectronic devices Radios Nanoradios have been developed structured around carbon nanotubes. Computers Nanoelectronics holds the promise of making computer processors more powerful than are possible with conventional semiconductor fabrication techniques.A number of approaches are currently being researched, including new forms of nanolithography, as well as the use of nanomaterials such as nanowires or small molecules in place of traditional CMOS components. Field effect transistors have been made using both semiconducting carbon nanotubes and with heterostructured semiconductor nanowires. Energy merchandise Research is ongoing to use nanowires and other nanostructured materials with the hope of to do cheaper and more efficient solar cells than are possible with conventional planar silicon solar cells.It is believed that the inventio n of more efficient solar energy would have a great effect on satisfying global energy needs. There is also research into energy production for devices that would operate in vivo, called bio-nano generators. Medical diagnostics There is great interest in constructing nanoelectronic devices that could descry the concentrations of biomolecules in real time for use as medical diagnostics, thus falling into the category of nanomedicine. A parallel line of research seeks to create nanoelectronic devices which could interact with single cells for use in basic biological research.These devcies are called nanosensors. What needs to be done ? First, nanoelctronics is a wide open field with vast potential for breakthroughs coming from fundamental research. Some of the major issues that need to be addressed are the following 1. Understand nanoscale transport (closed circulate between theory and experiment necessary). Most experiments and modeling concentrate on DC properties, AC properties a t THz frequencies are however anticipate to be relevant. 2. Develop/understand self-assembly techniques to do conventional things cheaper.This has the future potential to displace a large fraction of conventional semiconductor applications. One needs to solve the interconnect problem and find a rehabilitation of the transistor. If this can be done by self-assembly, a major cost advantage compared to conventional silicon technology would result. 3. Find new slipway of doing electronics and find ways of implementing them (e. g. quantum computing electronics modeled after living systems hybrid Si-biological systems cellular automata). Do not try and duplicate a transistor, but instead investigate new electronics paradigmsDo research as a graduate student in this field and lay the foundation for the Intel of the modern Millenium. Objective The last few decades has seen an exponential growth in fleck capabilities due primarily to a decrease in the minimum get sizes. The resulting d oubling of processor speed every 18 months (known as Moores Law) is, however, anticipate to break down for conventional microelectronics in about 15 years for both fundamental and economic reasons . The search is on, therefore, for new properties, paradigms and architectures to create a novel nanoelectronics. ConculsionFinally, there is a third direction in nanoelectronics which will receive more attention in the future. This new field is called spintronics. Spintronics is refer with electromagnetic effects in nanostructures and molecules caused by the quantized angular whim (the spin) that is asscociated with all fundamental particles like, for example, the electron. The magnetic moment of a particle is instantly proportional to its spin. Hence, if we learn to manipulate not only charge, but also spin on a single electron level, information may be stored and transported in the form of quantized units of magnetism in the future.References 1. Melosh, N. Boukai, Akram Diana, Fred eric Gerardot, Brian Badolato, Antonio Petroff, capital of South Dakota & Heath, James R. (2003). 2. Aviram, A. Ratner, M. A. (1974). Molecular Rectifier. Chemical Physics Letters 29 277.? 3. Aviram, A. (1988). rubric. Journal of the American Chemical Society 110 5687-5692.? 4. Postma, Henk W. Ch. Teepen, Tijs Yao, Zhen Grifoni, Milena & Dekker, Cees (2001). Carbon nanotube single-electron transistors at room temperature. Science 293 (5527).? 10. 1126/science. 1061797

Prison Rape

Prison s sterndalize is no secret in nowadayss ships comp any. The Ameri understructure media has portrayed prison house house delight as a joke (Dont drop the soap) in countless films, television shows, and in music, but abide not realized the extent of how dangerous this criminal offence is. Some cops even use this method as a essence to get a confession from a suspect. A major breas bothrk in solving Prison set on is the notorious under- fall in-uping of the crime. Only 16 percent of prison fumble victims topic their victimization. Reasons for under reporting argon fear of consequences, shame, guilt, embarrassment, and refuse to relive painful details.This paper explores prison enthrall and its psychological and physiologic harm to not only inmates, but to society as well. It to a fault discusses recent efforts to allot a stop to prison breach, much(prenominal) as the Prison Rape excrement Act of 2003 and The home(a) Prison Rape Elimination commissioning (N PREC) as well as organizations such as Just cargo hold International (JDI). Prison Rape is copen as internal intercourse through use of force, intimidation, and threats within prisons. Overcrowding and insufficient staffing be key contributors to prison rape.Most targets of prison versed assault ar young, small, non- godforsaken, runner-time offenders. A study of four mid-western states found that 1 in 5 inmates experience some form of pres authentic or pressd knowledgeable contact plot of land incarce markd. In or so cases inmates turn onually convolute different inmates. in that respect are also less common cases where chastening officers abuse inmates. Ameri tail assemblys today tend to consider that this is a good deal to a greater extent than universal in feminine prisons, thus far there is evidence that women are and then assail by different female inmates as well and it piece of ass cause long term injuries.In a study pertaining to triple Mid-wester n female prisons, 27 percent of the inmate population confessed to being sexually coerced. Although it is no secret male correction officers are sexually abusing female inmates, little to nothing has been wear oute to reduce the male officer pass judgment in female facilities. During piece Rights Watchs examination of fin prisons, the organization discovered that lesbian and transgendered inmates were more likely to be sexually assaulted by correctional officers. Officers target these groups because they want to enforce gender stereotypes.harmonize to Calhoun and Coleman, inmates say about 20 percent of prison guards sexually coerce inmates. Inmates raped by correction officers usually do not report the crime because they are frequently disbelieved which only contributes to the problematic relationship surrounded by inmates and officers. According to the Pennsylvania Coalition Against Rape (PCAR) Rates of HIV are 3 times higher inside prisons then outside of one. egg-producing (prenominal) inmates keep up been impregnated because of staff sexual abuse. antheral rape survivors become ofttimes more untrained upon electric outlet which may ever conclude in them raping differents. Many survivors blame themselves, Experience psychological consequences. HIV is not the only ailment common in prison rape. Rape victims are more susceptible to diseases such as Syphilis and Hepatitis then the outside community. The rate of Hepatitis C among the general population is 1. 8%, while 14% of naked Yorks prison population is infected with the disease. Even more so, 33% of Californias prison population is infected with the disease.It is obvious that the disease mentioned, are all sexually transmitted diseases (STD). The assault, anger, and violence in these attacks make these diseases so untold more susceptible because there is blood and other bodily fluids being exchanged. Even inmates performing consensual sex in prison still shake a higher rate of these disease s over due(p) to they lack of safe sex unconscious process such as condoms. This deal throw away a major effect society as a whole because once a victim of prison rape is release, they put up carry these diseases without even know and spreading it to the general unrestricted.I believe if there were educational programs about STDs and STD testing in prisons, there baron be a good chance prison rape can decline. If a rapist is aware that STDs are more common in prisons rather then the public and that his actions can result in him catching an STD, he might re consider raping another victim. Contrary to general belief sexually transmitted diseases are not the only physical harm victims of prison rape endure. Many rape victims endure scummy bones, broken noses, bruises, cuts, concussions, and the obvious genital injuries.Sexual assaults also increases violent carriage in prisons because inmates who feel like they may be a next target of sexually assault, defend themselves, an d lash out in these violent rages and fights to establish themselves with a tough guy re establishation to prevent any sexual misconduct from other inmates. Supreme Court legal expert rile Blackmun once said, Prison rape not only threatens the lives of those who fall forego to their aggressors, but it is potentially devastating to the human spirit.Shame, depression, and a shattering discharge of self-esteem accompany the perpetual terror the victim thereafter must endure. Victims do not only suffer physical consequence due to these rapes. It is precise common for victims to develop psychological illnesses as well. Victims of prison sexual assault frequently suffer from rape trauma syndrome or overhear a bun in the oven traumatic stress disorder. Upon release of prison some victims go forth run to substance abuse to cope with the emotion and mental damage while incarceration.In some instances victims have been reported to committing suicide, which only adds to fatality ac tor of this crime. There are some cases in which the victim became so utilize to being in a homosexual relationship while incarcerated, resulting in him/her to change their sexual orientation. Although homosexuality is not a negative psychological disease, the complete change in sexual orientation itself, due to this rape is not a healthy way to live. Some studies have shown that victims released from poky become much more sexually violent with the female partners.Incarcerated individuals who were raped and psychologically harmed pose as a threat to society because studies have shown that once they are release they become much more violent and anti-social then before they were incarcerated which ultimately make them more susceptible to creating more crimes. One of the worse social effects prison rape can have on the public is racism. According to G. J. Knowles bare offenders and white victims are more common in male prisons while white offenders and black victims are more common in female prisons.Overtime victims scram to feel a nuisance for the offender, which can evolve to a hatred for the offenders race. Many of the stated problems resulting from prison rape have been used to form movements and organizations to stop prison rape. On September 4th, 2003 professorship George Bush signed the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 (PREC). It is the root united States law passed dealing with prison rape. PREC was supported by numerous diverse organizations. PREA adopted a zero-tolerance policy, aimed to diminish prison rape.PREA also increase the penalties of staff members and officers who are found to be sexually abusing inmates. PREA set standards on how to detect and prevent sexual assault in prisons. Through PREA the department of evaluator was ordered to put the prevention of prison rape as a top priority in prison throughout the United States. The Bureau Of Justice was also order to produce an annual report on prison rape. The DOJ as came up with a retread panel that strictly dealt with hearings pertaining to prison rapes.There were also a a couple of(prenominal) bureaus under the Department of Justice such as The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) whose primary role is to award allow funds to state governments for addressing inmate sexual assault, The groundal Institute of Justice (NIJ) whose role is to research the impact of sexual abuse in prison rape victims, as well as investigating and prosecuting offenders of prison rapes, and The Nation Institute of Corrections (NIC) which trains and educate agencies and correction officers to help reduce sexual abuse in prisons.PREA also fought out to protect the Eighth Amendment (cruel and queer punishment not me inflicted) right of local, state and federal prisons. One of the nigh essential results of the PREA was the birth of the National Prison Rape Elimination Commission (NPREC). Perks mission is to study local, state, and federal governm ent policies and practices on sexual misconduct with in prisons. The commission reports their conclusions and findings to The Congress, The President, and many more important agencies pertaining to this issue.NPREC had 9 commissioners, 3 nominate by the president and 6 appointed by congress. Federal judge Reggie Walton was the commissioner. separate appointed members were John Kaneb, pack Aiken, Jamie Felner, Brenda Smith, Gus Puryear, Pat Nolan, and Cindy Struckman-Johnson. Each candidate supplied surveys and in depth analysis of prison rape. Members of the commission research the relationship between prison inmates and the conditions in which they live. There have been other efforts, such as, the House Bill No. 642 chasten to eliminate prison rapes. Connecticut State Representative Pat Dillon says two types of people are usually targeted in prison, Non-Violent offenders and inmates of small stature. Dillon statesthat simple procedure can be done to prevent a rape attack. She q uotes You dont take a 120 pound non-violent offender and put him in a cell with a 200 pound sex offender. On one hand I agree with Dillons conceit of matching cellmates according to stature. But on the other hand I insist that this is not a matter that can be slowly prevented.Yes separating cellmates due to stature works but it will most for certain no solve the ongoing battle with prison rape. It is a much more complicated situation. One of the main thresholds to the ontogeny of the Prison Rape Elimination Act, was a paper released two years earlier by the Human Rights Watch, titled No Escape potent rape in the US. Joanne Marnier was the head author of this paper and had advertisements put in prison magazines such as Prison Legal intelligence operation and Prison Life Magazine.After having these advertisements out, Mariner received letters containing natural accounts of inmates being sexually assaulted and was very detailed. No Escape surveyed prison systems in 34 states. According to No Escape prisons ran by the Texas Department of execrable Justice have the worst incidents of prison rapes. Prior to the release of No Escape there were very few studies of prison rape. This paper is state at the stepping-stone to publicizing how brutal and inhumane these rapes are.In my opinion PREA is a brilliant idea in way to approach this devastating situation, however more need to be done. Because most inmates who were sexually abused will not admit to their abuse, there is a lack in how much help can actually be given. I believe in order to fully solve this prison rape issue, we must first solve the under reported factor of this crime. There have been other organization and movements to stop prison rape. Just Detention International (JDI) is an anti-prison rape organization, created in 1980 by Russell Smith.The original name of the organization was founded as concourse Organized to Stop the Rape of Imprisoned Persons (POSRIP). Due to its expansion with other countries, such as South Africa, Mexico, Canada, and The Philippines, the organization changed their name. According to the Just Detention website the founder, Russell Smith as well as many of them members of the organization were members of prison rape and are not paid for their work with the organization. JDI was formed during a time when prisoner rape was not so popular and wasnt an issue to the public.It was one of the only anti-prison rape groups of its time. JDI played a long role with the Prison Rape Elimination Act and worked with Senators and Representatives. JDI played a prominent role in ensuring the PREA follows through with safety from prison rape. JDI has also helped as support systems for individuals who are recently release from jailed and have survived prison rape. Another supportive organization of anti- prison rape is the Human Rights Watch. HRW was actually even responsible for publishing the No Escape Male Rape in the US.HRW ran several(prenominal) studies on prison rape and concluded that at least 140,000 inmates in United States prisons are most likely to get raped. On the human rights website, many articles are indite targeting prison rape as an issue as well. In conclusion, prison rape has been a growing problem that has been kept under wraps for several decades. Prison rape has not only affected inmates but the public as well. Prison rapes have left inmates with deadly diseases such as HIV, Hepatitis, and Syphilis.Victims of prison rape also suffer from psychological disorders and are know to become much more violent and anti social upon release Physical and well as psychological harm to the inmate can spread to the general public upon release. There have been recent efforts to extirpate prison rape such as the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003, signed by President George Bush. An important factor ramose out from the PREA is the National Prison Rape Elimination Commission, which consisted of 9 individuals who canvass on the ma tter extensively.The commission sought to decline prison rape by visiting prisons and checking up on procedure and making sure the laws passed in the PREA are being played out in prisons. Other non-government organizations have been formed to take a stand against prison rape. Organizations such as Just Detention International and the Human Rights Watch have been a strong force to decline prison rape. Although there have been many efforts to ban these heinous acts, I believe more has to be done because at the end of the day, prison rape is still very existent in todays prisons.