Christmas Song Essay -- Analysis, Christmas Carol

To some(prenominal) people a torrid crackling fervour brings about memories of the Christmas season. By listening to some of the Christmas carols run awayed throughout the festive holiday season, it is blowsy to pick up on this. In one such Christmas carol, they touch chestnuts roasting on an open fire in this line fire is the provider of warmth light, and good spirits. By roasting the chestnuts the fire gives forage and allows people to share with one another in a warm comfortable atmosphere. A second popular Christmas carol that mentions fire it let it Snow. In this song, one of the main verses is Oh, the weather outside is frightful, just the fire is so delightful, And since weve no place to go, let it snow, let it snow, let it snow. In this verse fire is representative of the winter meter and gives delight, along with warmth and light, to the person singing the song. Light is something that goes hand in hand with the Christmas holiday, but something that is not a common thought when it comes to Christmas is darkness. The exercising of fire and light also holds true for Charles Dickenss A Christmas Carol. Before the miserly Ebenezer Scrooge is visited by the spirits of his seven long time dead business partner Jacob Marley, and the Ghosts of Christmass past, present, and future, he despises Christmas and everything about it, some forcing his clerk, Bob Cratchit to work Christmas day. Even his always sunlightful nephew Fred cannot seem to good fortune through the hatred. But while Scrooge worked as an apprentice for Mr. Fezziwig, the hatred was not present. But through the series of events that happened in his life. Scrooge grew to abhor the whole Christmas season. After he is shown what will happen to him if he doesnt change his ways, Scrooge wakes up the ne... ...Christmas Carol reflects how lots love and kindliness of spirit are present among people the greater the good cheer the brighter the scene, the more greed, self-centeredness, or h ostility, the more absolute the darkness. An example discussed in the tonic was the amount of light and therefore, spirit, love and generosity, present in the moor where the miners work. In contrast to the miners light, was the somberness surrounding Scrooge out front he was visited by the three ghosts. Although Scrooge was surrounded by murkiness, greed and self-centeredness before the ghosts visited him, by the time he went to his nephew Freds party there much more light, love and generosity present. Fire light and warmth play an important role in The Christmas Carol but darkness and gloom play an equally important role in representing the characteristics of people in the scene.

Friends Make the Man Essay

The influence of friends is of massive enormousness in the novel Cry, the Beloved Country. Without his friends encouraging him, Absalom would most likely neer sacrifice tried to rob Arthur Jarvis house, and he certainly would not afford accidentally shot Arthur. Absalom said it himself when he told his father, It was bad companions. The reader is repeatedly reminded of this one condemning mistake choosing bad friends results in dangerous activities. some other example of this message is the mother of Absaloms child. Growing up, her family was practically nonextant and it can be assumed that she didnt have great friends to mount and strengthen her. Instead, she always kept a musical composition in her bread and butter and ended up the mother of a child out of labor union with the father sentenced to death. If helpful family and friends had been available, her bread and butter would most likely have changed for the better.thither are bad friends, nonexistent friends, but wha t just about the good friends? These are the ones Kumalo kept. He do it clear what kind of friends he chose when he was sermon to Absalom, You mean they were the kind of friends that a good soldiery could choose, upright, hard-working, obeying the law? Msimangu was but this kind of friend. Instead of just looking out for himself, he oft put Kumalos well-being before his own. This man truly cared about others, a rare and wonderful quality. As if being there for Kumalo and service of process him pick out with Absaloms incarceration in any way he could wasnt enough, he gave Kumalo a large sum of money to supersede all that was spent while trying to find and help Absalom. Msimangu was plainly the epitome of a loving, caring, true friend.Of course, a friend doesnt have to be a living, breathing, walking, talking person. Friendship can be represent in something as simple as words written. Even subsequently his death, Arthur Jarvis words reached out to comfort and impact his fa therJames Jarvis. Arthurs words became a friend to his father to help James deal with his death and instigate a change in his view of the world. Those conservatively chosen words eventually lead to James helping the nation of Ixopo improve their lives.Other friendships that were formed and resulted in colossal changes are mingled with Kumalo and James Jarvis as well as Kumalo and Arthur Jarvis son. The friendship between Kumalo and Arthurs son was mainly responsible for the help that James sent. Kumalo and the boy were link up through the boys curiosity about the Zulu language, but because they spoke, the boy discovered the troubles of Ixopo and sought a way to resolve them. James and Kumalos friendship literally saved Kumalos livelihood. Without that connection, Kumalo would have been sent forth from the only town he has known and loved. It would have destroyed him. He belonged in Ixopo and Ixopo belonged with him.Friends rightly make the man, whether for good or for bad. Kum alos friends made him more successful and lifted him up. Conversely, the mother of Absaloms child was damaged by the lack of a strong base of good friends. Absalom, unfortunately, had his life decimated by his choice to trust the wrong friends. Friends can make the man kinder or meaner, wiser or more foolish. In Absaloms case, friends made the man dead.

How Noise Affects Memory and Learning

According to past studies circumstance and low-level fray in homes, work, and school, disrupts c at a timentration and press downs the surgical operation of people plot of land learning and considering. For ex adenylic acidle, Anderson and Fuller (2010) looked at the works of medicament on discipline recognition. Their results state the medicament purlieu class period real(a) learning crisscross was get off than the non- medication environment draw. Even though this chew over was make with euphony, no depicted object what type of sound it is, it pass on twainer more(prenominal)(prenominal) or little mavens concentration and mental process on a task.A study has imagen having ackground black-and-blue intervention spell actualizeing a task, such as word recollection, will conjure low instruction execution (KJellberg, LJung, Hallman, 2008). It similarly depends on the type of population you argon trying to study. For some populations, the predi ctions of to-do world a doubt, is stronger. For example, people with oversight famine hyperactivity disorder be more vulnerable to distractions than people with proscribed ADHD or some(prenominal)(prenominal) other(a) type of disorder (Soderlund, Sikstrom, Loftenes, Sonuga-Barke, 2010).This introduction will further realize the force plays of sound on learning and repositing. Music and Learning/ reposition It has been shown that music has a negative effect on edition movement (Anderson r am Vizard, 2011). Anderson and Fuller (201 investigation of the effect of lyrical music on knowledge comprehension by adolescents. They utilise the reading comprehensions sub campaign of the Gates-MacGinitie study tests, 4th edition. The music that was utilize in this study was interpreted from the hoarding Magazines (2006) top hit singles.Anderson and Fuller (2010) tested deuce-ace hypotheses (1) a going away exists betwixt reading comprehension scores completed in the env ironment without music and scores obtained with lyrical music playing in he range, (2) a sexual urge take issueence exists regarding comprehension scores completed in the environment without music and scores obtained with range music, and (3) a relationship exists between degree of selectence for studying with music and scores obtained on reading comprehension tests completed in either the environment without music or with music playing in the background (Anderson & Fuller, 2010).The results of this try out were that crosswise experimental groups of this study, the music environment reading scores were lower in the music group comp atomic number 18d to the no music group. About triplet-quarters of the students who took the test did little well while get wording to music in the background. This means guessing 1 was accepted in this study. Girls had a greater decline in scores under the music environment compared with the non-music environment than did boys, which means system 2 was accepted.Hypothesis 3 was only semi-accepted because the students total music preference score was not related to their reading comprehension score, only the total music preference score was correlated with the reading comprehension loss score (music vs. no music). The students, who were asked if they usually listen to music while studying, and said yes, had a lower reading comprehension score in both(prenominal) fraudulent scheme conditions (Anderson & Fuller, 2010).Anderson and Fuller (2010) explain that these results happened because students paid more anxiety to the lyrics depending on if they were listening to the songs and artists they liked or did not like. Perham and Vizard (2011) conducted a study to look for whether the preference of background music find outs performance in more pictorial cognitive cometings, such as doing everyday tasks. According to Perham nd Vizard (2011) investigate suggests that listening to background music prior to task pe rformance increases cognitive processes, such as attention and recollection, through the mechanism of increasing stimulation and positive mood.Their hypothesis was if this mood and arousal extends to more common and existent music, then the preference for background music while studying should show greater refuse performance while listening to liked music than dislike music in the background. If the preference of music shows no effect, then performance should be the same in both liked and disliked music conditions. In this study through with(p) by Perham and Vizard (201 1), their procedure was through with(p) by selecting music by asking their players to bring in music they have listened to on a daily basis, and they excluded people who like to listen to toss metal music.The results of this test were only correct if an item was turn backed in the exact same position in which it was awarded, which showed that performance was best in the quiet condition. The liked music cond ition, in which participants brought in their own music, showed the graduate(prenominal)est paygrade for the likeability and pleasantness properties. The quiet condition was less(prenominal) distracting than the other ound conditions. Disliked music, which was the thrash metal, was rated as being more ottensive than the other sound conditions.Even though the results ot this study showed that the liked music condition was the eminentest rated condition, performance was actually as wretched in this condition as the disliked, thrash metal, condition. This study showed that no event what type of music you listen to, either liked or disliked, both are evenly disruptive. Memory and learning in regular uncontaminating to-do The influence of distracting mental disturbance has been examine in children with attention deficit disorder. A study do by Soderlund, et al. 2010), predicted that inattentive children would be heighten by adding background ashen hindrance while attentive c hildrens performance would decline. at that place were two echo conditions used during this study, which was a high go condition, and a low reverberate condition. In the high folie condition, verb-noun sentences were presumption during the auditive background ergodicness (78 decibels). In the low stochasticity condition, sentences were evidenceed without folie. The results showed that both groups performed at the same level across both sound conditions, entirely the interaction between randomness and the two groups was ignifi rout outt. Inattentive children performed break off in the high t iodin condition rather than the low ruffle condition, just now the reversal happened with the attentive children.This study also had to do with reading comprehension. Before the study had started, the inattentive and attentive children were tested for their reading level scores, and the inattentive children had a very much lower reading level compared to the attentive children. With these results, at that place was a negative correlation between reading skills and a positive effect of these scores with the noise in the background, a positive orrelation between attention and reading ability, and a positive correlation between teacher ratings of the children being inattentive and their hyperactivity.This study showed that thither was a significant improvement in performance for the children rated by their teachers as inattentive, and a decline in performance for those rated as attentive as noise levels were increased. KJellberg, et al. (2008) studied the effect of white noise on word mobilize. They predicted that (1) recall of words is discover without background noise, (2) deferred payment of sentences is less sensitive to the noise han the recall of words, but background noise prolongs chemical reaction generation, and (3) the expected noise effect on recall and apprehension will be weaker for subjects with high working memory capacity. there was a free recall of long word lists that was performed with and without background noise. Working memory capacity was tested with a test of reading span. A one-third test was done with sentence reference in the same conditions done in the word recall test. This sentence recognition test was less of a resource for results, but was included for the measurement of response times in both noise conditions. For the results of this study, the word lists were break in up into three parts (first, 10, middle 30, last 10).The reason for splitting up the second, third, and quaternate groups of 10 words was that in these groups, many subjects did not recall any item correctly. In line with the hypotheses, subjects remembered less of the words when haveed with background noise. learning of sentences was found to be un alter by the noise, and the performance of this task was unrelated to reading span. The hypothesis was confirmed regarding performance of the word recall task, but not for the sen tence recognition task.The do of noise were apparent on the recall of the first and last part of the word list, which shows that recuperation from a short term and long memory storage were both afflicted by noise. The hypothesis stating that noise ettects were expected to be less cashier tor persons with a better working memory capacity as outlined by their reading performance was strongly supported from the noise effect on the recall of the last part of the word list. The hypothesis that word recall was rated as more difficult than sentence recognition in the noise condition was also accepted.For the last of the results for this study, here was a shorter response time with noise in the sentence recognition task. There were more misses with the shorter response time. This does not confirm the hypothesis that decisions should take longer in the noise condition, and there is no obvious explanation for this result. How memory is touch oned by pathway traffic noise and meaningful inapplicable rescue. The influence of road traffic noise and meaningful tangential lyric was studied by Boman (2004), Enmarker (2004), and Hygge, Boman, and Enmarker (2003).Boman (2004) predicted that the encoding of new verbal divided nurture should be mpaired by both road traffic noise and meaningful impertinent speech, but the baulk for the encoding will be stronger for the meaningful irrelevant speech, and the impairment will be more for the recall than the recognition of a text in occasional(a) memory. It was expected that both recall and recognition in a text reading task when exposed to noise during the encoding part would be impaired by noise sources, but the cued recall and meaningful irrelevant speech would be more pronounced.Performance on free and cued recall from the sentences encoded with and without law (such as roll the ball or kick the ball) would be impaired by oise, but the self-performed enactments will produce a better memory performance, and will with stand both noise conditions. It was expected that intentional memory, and recognition of tending(p) names, would be impaired by noise. Like the rest of the predictions for this study, irrelevant speech would be more of an impairment than the road traffic noise.For recognition from non-verbal material (faces) no noise make were expected because the face recognition test could be assumed to append enough cues for memory retrieval. An interaction between noise and gender was expected, while girls performance on free and cued recall from the pisodic memory tasks would not be call fored as bad as boys during noise exposure. To examine the predicted place of attention on episodic memory, attention was measured by a search and memory task.A speech accuracy trade off (SATO) which is we prefer accuracy over the speed of getting something done was expected with more lines of the tasks completed in noise, but at a lower accuracy. Boman (2004) split up the results section into five parts . In all of these analyses, the direct personal effects of noise, gender, and the interactions between noise and gender were all assessed. Episodic memory was assessed first. For cued recall and recognition of text, meaningful irrelevant speech impaired cued recall as expected, but there was no effect of gender or an interaction between gender and noise found for cued recall.In line with the predictions, the analysis for the recognition items also showed a main effect of noise. There was a better recognition in silence than irrelevant speech, but there was no difference between silence and road traffic noise. For free and cued recall of sentences, neither the effect of noise nor the interaction between noise and gender was significant. As predicted, girls recall performance was igher than the boys in cued recall or categories with enactment. semantic memory was canvas second. For word tluency, there was no significant noise ettect or interaction between noise and gender.For word co mprehension, there was better word comprehension in silence than in meaningful irrelevant speech. Attention was analyzed next, and this was not impaired by noise, and since this happened, the predicted role for attention on episodic memory can be ruled out. Self-ratings were analyzed last. For print, there was no significant difference between the three noise groups on the bushel dimensions measured before both noise exposures. meaty irrelevant speech and road traffic noise did not differ from the silence condition.For annoyance, effort, and difficulty, there were no significant effects of noise on self reports and the difficulty of reading. Since this happened, the distraction on the text reading tasks in silence and noise can be ruled out as an explanation of the noise effects of recall and recognition. Enmarker (2004) examined how irrelevant speech and road traffic noise affected teachers memory and attention, and also examined whether the noise effects on memory were age depe ndent. Ninety-six male and female teachers were elect to articipate and were between the ages of 35-45 and 55-65.It was predicted that (1) of noise effects on episodic memory noise would interfere with verbal episodic memory tasks, and impair free and cued recall and recognition, but the recall was supposed to be impaired more than recognition tasks, (2) like Boman (2004), close of the episodic memory tasks, the meaningful irrelevant speech will impair the tasks more than the road traffic noise, (3) the sure-enough(a)er teachers should be less able than the younger teachers to accurately recall, both free and cued, tasks in the noise ondition, (4) of noise effects on semantic memory less attention requirements are needed during retrieval than during encoding.More automatic than check offled retrieval is present in more semantic memory, and this study was not sure whether noise would affect the semantic memory system, and (5) of noise affects on attention noise would impair att ention as the result of a couple of(prenominal)er resources available for the task. There will be a fast performance for answers, but most of these answers will not be accurate. For the results of this study by Enmarker (2004), younger teachers boilersuit ad a better auditory sense status than the older teachers.Noise impaired cued recall of the text in episodic memory, but the impact of irrevlevant speech and road traffic noise did not differ. There was no difference between the younger and older teachers performance during noise impairment. There was no significant difference of effort made during text reading for subjects in silence and irrelevant speech, and also the perception of difficulty to the text. The recall of sentences with and without enactment showed no boilers suit noise effects and no interaction between noise and age.The tasks for intentional and incidental learning and first and family names showed an overall effect of noise. Incidental learning did not show an y noise effects. Intentional learning did not show any influences of noise either. There was an overall effect of noise on the three word eloquence tests in semantic memory. More words were recalled in silence than in irrelevant speech. The predicted speech to accuracy effect was not supported, and neither was there any interaction between noise and age on attention. The studies done by Boman (2004) and Enmarker (2004) were replications of Hygee et al. 2003). both predictions, basic designs, procedure, and noise controls have been replicated. A types ot episodic and semantic memory tasks are also replicated. A results have been shown to be the same across all three studies. How learning and memory are affected by aircraft noise Hygge, Evans, and Bullinger (2002) studied the effects of aircraft noise on cognitive performance. Before the dissonanting of the new Munich, Germany airport and the destruction of the old one, children near both of these airport sites were brought in to b e tested.Two groups of children, an airport noise group, and a control group no ircraft noise were examined. In this study, 326 children participated 43 children who were by the old airport, were put into a no-noise group 65 children who were by the old airport, were put into a noise group 107 who are by the new airport, were put into a no noise group and 111 who are by the new airport, were put into a noise group. This study assessed how childrens reading was affected by changes in ambient noise levels cause by the new airport and old airport locations.On the word- list part of the reading test, only difficult words showed differences between the groups. The airport group and the high noise exposure were significant. knowledge and long term memory affects were related, but disappeared when the old airport closed, and the new airport opened. Although childrens reading worsened with noise exposure at the new airport and recovered following lower noise exposure at the old airport, speech perception deficits among noise exposed children at the old airport did not recover.Performing the task in acute noise or no noise did not throw away for the interaction involving chronic aircraft noise over time, but there was a main effect of acute noise. The last was that poorer short term memory performance of the noise group recovered to reach the level of the control groups performance. Separate tests showed more correct responses in the no-noise group than in the noise group. For the conclusion of this study done by Hygge, et al. (2002) it states that noise exposure modify the development of speech perception in incompatible ways during the earlyish and late stages of the reading comprehension tasks.This study also raises a question about(predicate) the validity of inattention or tuning out unalike noises as an explanation for the impact of noise on reading performance. How optical memory is affected during white noise A study was done by Wais and Gazzaley (2011 ) about the impact of auditory distraction on retrieval of opthalmic memories. The goal of this study was to examine the effect of sound distraction on retrieval of episodic memory. Based on prior research, Wais and Gazzaley give tongue to that there is a possibility that the environment changes may interfere with the recollection of visual memories.This study hypothesized that a resemblance of effects of distraction from diametrical sensory systems tycoon slow down evidence for or against interference on recollection. This experiment studied the influence of sound distractions on episodic memory recollections using both worry caf sounds and white noise. There were a few different results found in this study. With auditory distractions and false alarms, there was a greater amount of false recollection during silence compared to both the white noise and the auditory distraction of a busy caf.Relevant visual details during the test with the busy caf noise showed significant d ecline compared to white noise and silence. There was no difference between white noise and silence. These results show that auditory istraction (busy caf noise) showed more of a distraction than white noise. It major power be possible that the results ot talse alarms are greater in silence because the participants are more relaxed during this time period and might loosen their decisions. There was also a task done with visual distractions.In this experiment, the conditions corresponding to the silence, white noise, and the auditory, busy caf, distraction conditions in the present study were the eyes shut, eyes open with a grey screen, and eyes open with a complex vivid scene. One distracting complex natural scene was presented at each trial. stimulation during the auditory, busy caf, distraction is more dynamic than that from the eyes open-grey screen images (Wais & Gazzaley, 2011). The results of the visual distraction showed that recollection of relevant visual details duri ng the auditory distraction showed low accuracy compared to silence and white noise conditions.In comparison with these studies, the present study is going to be studying how auditory distractions affect memory. The test that was presented to our participants was the digit span test and a reading comprehension test. The digit span test is used to measure working memorys java storage capacity (Cambridge superstar Science). The participants were presented with a series of numbers (e. g. 6, 7, 9) and must(prenominal) repeat them back immediately, and if they do this accurately, they will be disposed(p) a longer list of numbers (e. g. 6, 4, 8, 9) Oahanshahi, Saleem, Ho, Fuller, & Dirnberger, G. 2009). Both the reading comprehension test and the digit span test was presented in three different noise conditions, (1) obnoxious noise, (i. e. Jackhammer) (2) calming noise (i. e. bird chirping), and (3) no noise/regular classroom noise, such as students in the hallways, or onstruction away(p) the windows. A question that is being asked is how do different noise conditions affect memory for both these tasks? It was hypothesized that participants in the no noise/regular classroom noise will perform better than in the two noise conditions.Method Participants Data was collected from participants who signed up for Experimental Psychology experiments, which helped with the random sampling of the students. Seventy-one students participated in the study (57 females and 13 males) ranging from ages 18 to 24. cardinal subjects were in the no sound condition, twenty in the calming noise i. e. bird chirping) condition, and twenty-nine in the obnoxious noise (i. e. Jack hammer) condition. All participants gave apprised consent before participating in the experiment. Only one participant reported having a hearing problem.Materials Questionnaire. A self-made questionnaire was given to each student during the experiment. This questionnaire consisted of (1) age, (2) gender (a) female or (b) male, (3) what is your current donnish standing? (a) Freshman, (b) Sophomore, (c) Junior, or (d) Senior (4) Overall GPA (5) Do you before long wear glasses or contacts? (a) yes, or (b) o (6) Are you hearing impaired? (a) Yes, or (b) no (7) How do you study? (Choose all that apply) (a) silence, (b) with television, (c) with music, (d) with friends, (e) other (8) Please rate how stressed you feel when you study? (a) no stress, (b) okay, (c) great, (d) stressed, or (e) very stressed (9) Do you better under your course material when (a) a professor lectures (b) when you read your textbook/notes on your own, or (c) both. Reading Comprehension test. An 8th grade reading comprehension test was presented to the participants. The test was chosen from the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test which was tound online (Florida Department ot Education). T fib is called The Wreck of E. S. Newman by Ruth Ewers. The story also had questions that were answered by the participants.Th is going also came with the answers to these questions. Participants must pay close attention to the story because once the story is taken away from them, they were no longer able to go back and look at it. Digit interbreed Test. The Digit duo test was originally a subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test (WAS) (Cambridge Brain Science). David Wechsler used the digit span test to test the participants working memory. abbreviation of the digit span test suggests that participants must hold the first few items presented in memory. According to Jahanshahi, et al. 2008) the digit span test monitors incoming information, and revises updated information by changing the new items. The Digit Span test can be presented verbally, or on a computer program. In the present study, the Digit Span test was pre-recorded so that the variable was held constant and the participants will have no problem understanding what we say. Participants were presented with a string of random numbers and were asked to repeat the string of umbers forward. This means if the numbers are presented as 6-1-2, they must write those numbers down in that particular order.Participants may find themselves rehearsing the string of digits as they hear them being presented from recording. The Digit Span is scored 2, 1, or O 2 head words if the participant passes both trials, 1 point if the participant passes only one trial and O points if the participant fails both trials. Even though there are two trials, we only used one trial for this experiment and was scored using 1 point. PANAS measure. The confirmatory and blackball Affect schedule is a 0-item self-report measure of positive and negative affect developed by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen (1988).The negative plateful has three subscales (1) distress, (2) unpleasureable engagement, and (3) the absence of feelings. Positive affect represents an single(a) with high pleasurable experiences and engagement with the environment. Emotions of ha ppiness and sharp-sightedness are indicated with the positive affect of the PANAS, and emotions of sadness and lethargy are indicated with the negative affect (Crawford & Henry, 2004). The participants were asked to read each item and list the number from the scale next to each word. This indicated the way a person feels at the present moment.The rating scale is (1) very slightly or not at all, (2) a little, (3) moderately, (4) quite a bit, and (5) extremely. The 20 words that will be presented on the PANAS scale are (1) interested, (2) distressed, (3) excited, (4) upset, (5) strong, (6) guilty, (7) scared, (8) hostile, (9) enthusiastic, (10) proud, (11) irritable, (12) alert, (13) ashamed, (14) inspired, (15) nervous, (16) determined, (17) attentive, (18) Jittery, (19) active, and (20) afraid. Recordings. The recordings that were used during the experiment are Jackhammers and birds chirping.These sounds ame from www. sounddogs. com and were vie from a CD through the computer s ystem from the classroom that was used to perform the experiment. The exact name for the Jackhammer sound from the website is called Tools Jackhammer Ext MCIJ Jackhammering cover Long Stand. The exact name for the bird chirping sound from the website is called Birds Morning suburban Neighborhood Morning Birds Ext Distant 630am Various Pretty Birds interpret Chirp. Procedure The experiment was conducted in a St. Francis College classroom.Since some classrooms nave ditterent color walls, we refractory to use a classroom witn white olored walls on all sides. The participants came in and sat down anywhere they want in the classroom, and each participant was given an informed consent. The informed consent explained the basics of our experiment, how long the experiment will take, they may quit at any time, and that they will be anonymous throughout the experiment. After all participants handed in their informed consent, the experiment will start. The digit span test was gi ven out first.As said as before, each string of numbers will be pre-recorded so there are no confounding variables. After one set of umbers is said, each participant will have to memorize that set and write it down. The string of numbers was longer each time they are presented. The reading comprehension paragraph was given next. Each participant was given the paragraph of our choice and was required to remember as much as possible from reading this paragraph. The reading comprehension paragraph was then taken away and the questionnaire was given in between the reading paragraph and the reading comprehension quiz.This is because we are studying memory and we want to see how much they remember after five minutes. After they have finished with the questionnaire, they were given a sheet with a few questions on it asking them about the paragraph they have Just read. During the digit span test, and the reading comprehension paragraph, each group had noise playing in the background. There were three noise conditions. In the first condition, the obnoxious noise (i. e. jackhammer) was presented, during the second condition, the calming noise (i. e. birds chirping) was presented, and in our last condition, there was no noise presented.The PANAS scale was presented after the experiment was finished to see f the background noise had any effect on the participant during the experiment. After the PANAS a use of goods and services check was asked to see if the independent variable has had any effect on the participants, and the debriefing about the experiment was presented last. This experiment had two risks which are (1) they might have thwarting during each task because of the noise in the background, and (2) because of this frustration they might receive a headache because they could not concentrate well.A welfare the participant will receive is that they may learn their own individual apabilities in learning and memory related to noise. Results The present study hypoth esized that participants in the no noise/regular classroom condition will perform better than in the two noise conditions (i. e. calming and obnoxious conditions.

Erin Healy: A Designer Profile

Erin Healy from Florida is the new Queen in the Fashion Industry. She is the champion of the highly begrudge Top-International-Upcoming-Designer award. This happened in her latest showcase of intents kn throw as by her name. The projects ar voguish and have magnificent accomplishments. They atomic number 18 sparkling, classic and worn slowly which explains the reason of their preference by most celebrities. A good mannikin of celebrity clientele is Whitney Thompson Americas Top Model winner. The point that Erin has three kids does not deter her from pursuing her lifetime dream.She is indeed a rising star and a new amazing talent of way. Her pieces are lustrous and modish which explains their popularity. Her latest collection is composed of cool flirty trivial dresses decorated by fine hairs and fasten flowers. Healy also integrated tasteful tops with out(a) straps and camisoles corresponding with shorts as well as coats. She real borrowed from nature by using colors of n atural features, a clomp of foreign silk featuring animal stamps and textures. The above illustrations are an assortment of a some of Erin Healy Designs in a showcase.Her designs have gained popularity after she scooped the award. According to the upcoming precedent, elan is the gorgeous art that expresses a character and vigor of a person through dressing. She described Miamis fashion as thrilling. It is full of style, a fit for everyone and it is fashion frontward. She discovered her talent in fashion design while she was still in secondary school. She started by designing own dresses and for pluggers. Her style descends from a lady with a passion of refined and stylish look.Her favorite models that she enjoys working with locally include Jordan Healy her daughter and Erins friend Lauren Rossi both in Jacksonville. In Miami is Jesika Marcano. Responding to a question on design process, Erin says that is no distinct process. It usually advances from a simple idea that comes t o the room decorator in strange ways like dreams. Immediately an idea comes, she sketches out before she even explores the model option. In other cases the type of fabric generates the design.Her favorite designers include ad Ghandour, L. A. M. B, Coco Chanel and Eduardo de las Casas. Her designs are available at a private showroom Gallery in the Artistree and to her what matters most the self-assurance on the women that wear her design. The choice of Miami to showcase her design is out of bask and passion for the place. She loves the residents, the culture and style. That is why she participated in the Miami International Fashion workweek emerging winner challenge and made it to the three top finalists.Miami has helped her to articulate her career in a very special way for it is here(predicate) that her designs came to the limelight. The preparation of a fashion show according to the top designer involves some simple steps. First, develop the story, choose a photographer and manufacture on the location. Secondly, decide on the make up designers and hair style experts, and fructify a procession of models as well as casting. Thirdly, she result plan a decent and collaborate with other experts to accomplish the glance.Finally is to project with a renowned DJ and fashion show expert to prepare a fun filled and memorable event full of swish and elegant features. Works Cited Gelhar, Mary. The Fashion Designer Survival Guide. New York Kaplan Publishing, 2008. Henry, Christine. emergent Designer Erin Heasley. Miami Fashion. Retrieved on July 23, 2010 from < http//www. examiner. com/x-6350-Miami-Fashion-Trends-Examinersy2010m4d5- Emerging-Designer-Erin-Heasley-winner-of-the-Best-International-Emerging-Designer- of-the-Year

Leadership and Change Paper

One of the superlative challenges for whatever professional as they travel their palmer journey is to dish with changes in the l angstromlace. Changes can occur in the workplace at any time. Although near changes in the workplace ar c befully planned by an constitution as a budgeted path of growth and development, the majority of changes in the workplace can often occur unexpectedly and with step up warning. In apiece situation, a wise professional forget sack the necessary adjustments to their possess business approach in dress to blend in seamlessly with their musical arrangements changes.Too often, the first signal of change that comes from the leadinghip throng of an organization that has taken everyplace is the uncertainty of the admit club. The team synopsis includes a case athletic field and terce companies bringed to provide issues of what each company is approach regarding leading problems. The first synopsis is a case study found on orthopedic su rgery and family practice. The three companies chosen were Olin puss Products, get across labor caller-out and northwestward Airline. The scenario will identify change models for some(prenominal) short-term, small-scale, as well as tenacious-term, large-scale changes.The paper will promote evaluate the implications of different leaders dahs on the change instruction fulfill and evaluate the influence of lead on prudence practices. Next, the paper will consider the factors that contribute to a considerable-term commitment to change at heart the organization and appraise future leaders challenges. Lastly, our conclusion will select leadership styles for a given situation base on the synopsis. compendium Alejandra Guerrero Transformational leaders A Case StudyA joint embark betwixt both health manage systems was organize in 1999, feature unrivaled system based on orthopedic surgery and the an otherwise(prenominal) specializing in family practice. The objectiv e of this combination was to build both health c be systems in one single location therefore, creating one of the largest state-of-the-art rehabilitation health care facilities in the Midwest. tally to the author of the case study A upstartly formed incision got off to a nervy start with varying corporate cultures, a faulty organizational structure, and declining morale. heres how bran- bare-ass leadership helped turn the situation around (Winans, Ronda, July 2005). ethnical and psychological differences, and having two co- music directors, gisted in separating the celerity rather than effectively uniting both health care systems. Physical differences also arose as the facility was designed to suit both practices as a result, each sort out began operating on oppo order sides, a nonher division. In addition, each group had differences on how to approach treatments, with both practices unwilling to share concepts that could eliminate clinical issues.Morale in spite of appe arance the two practices decreased as the years progressed and as a result, faculty turnover staff increased. During this time, an employee within the facility conducted an employee gratification survey, resulting in what was already k promptlyn with the employees and expected by management. The employees rated s joins that metrical management effectiveness low and there were high results indicating that employees would seek betrothal with other health care companies.A need for change was call for after three years with an existing culture that had been negatively innate to all of the employees within the facility. The change would include a model of having a single manager with oversight from a director in order to help solve previous conflicting issues with two separate practices. fundamental changes include an emphasis on employee satisfaction, stronger commitment to employees, and a focus on the outcome of better patient care. abstraction How to lead revolution How Doug Ca hill got everyone into the crime syndicateThe general manager at Olin consortium Products, Doug Cahill, recognized the need for beginning change. Profits were low with pressure on margins and a loss of market share to competitors, along with poor customer satisfaction and orders shipping late. at that place were many reasons to blame for the losses of Olin Pool Products during the early 1990s, however one of the root ca wasting diseases came from Cahill insisting on blaming the process of how each soulfulness did their job. Cahill briefly commitd that people were not the problem it was the company structure and how it was organism operated.As a result, fourteen departments were reduced to eight process teams, and they included the crucial areas of fulfillment, raw yields, and resources. Cahill converted managers into future posturees that would assist in transforming leaders within each department. At the core of the new organizational map were the customers. Cahill cond ucted a test with each new future autobus. individually coach was given four dollar bills and was told plan a group dinner. An bonus of free dinning was included for the coach that would get the job done for three dollars a person.Specific rules of the test were provided and the coaches started to assist the best way to get up the dinner in order to meet the objective of three dollars a person. Meeting their goal with a specific budget. Underlying this concept is that the departments were macrocosm eliminated along with titles. This in turn forced the coaches to be responsible for their literal work and not just the job. Radical change within Olin Pool Products came as the result of a plant fire, destroying crucial inventory required for the beginning of the pool season. Cahill apply his influence in finding renewal products from a plant in Brazil.Along with getting the factory acantha up, and salvaging any product that was not damaged from the fire, Cahill most importantly show a plea to the customers, asking them to understand why their products were not be delivered as promised. Finally, with no blame game to deal with, each coach had the motivation, experience, and knowledge of how to best overcome the tragedy and bring about success. Synopsis Tresa Rucker crosswalk Motor Company The automotive manufacture has taken a turn for the worst based on the rising cost of provide and consumer preference for economical transportation. jibe to pass overs website, Ford Motor Company has been around for years and grown to be a globular automotive industry leader based in Dearborn, Michigan. Ford manufactures and distributes automobiles in 200 markets across six continents. With about 300,000 employees and 108 plants worldwide, the companys core and affiliated automotive brands include Ford, Jaguar, Land Rover, Lincoln, Mazda, Mercury, and Volvo. (Ford 2007) According to a CBS password article, Curtis Giles is a union representative but with the impac t of his responsibilities, the position could be viewed as a management job.Giles is helping production workers at Ford Motor Co. s Michigan Truck Plant solve work related problems and maintain a high quality product. Ford, along with other automakers, has been struggling with the sales of SUVs. Due to the high cost of fuel, consumers are choosing not to acquire SUVs, which are known for poor fuel efficiency. Ford has borrowed billions to structure as gas prices continue to increase and consumers are looking to purchase more fuel-efficient models. Curtis Giles started with Ford as a teenager, which was 19 years ago.According to the article, Giles stated, it was a good stable job that would help support his family. (CBS word program 2007) Giles holds membership with the United Auto Workers, but the reputation of the union has steady lost influence and membership in the U. S. over the years. Many workers have indicated that the support of the union simply does not exist as it ut ilize to be. Toyota has specifically avoided unionization partly because the plants are primarily built in rural or poverty areas where the people are just grateful for the jobs and not familiar or accustomed to the role of unions.Ford leadership goals have changed to switch the primary focus to producing a quality product and providing workers with better training. Giles further stated that the workers at the plant recently clear a competitive operating agreement allowing work rule changes that make the workplace more competitive. Are there leadership problems at Ford? Can they be resolved to benefit the employees as well as the consumers? Northwest Airlines The airline industry has been hurt by the war, terrorism, and high anoint prices. The airline industry has continued to struggle since the Sept. 11 attacks.Recently, in the news there have been several airlines, which have been re coordinate because of bankruptcies, mergers, and acquisition. According to the web site flights tats. com, Northwest canceled 127 flights of its 1,424 scheduled flights Monday, or 9 percent. Northwest Airlines just came out of bankruptcy, and Northwest pilots were limited to working only 90 hours a month. The pilots are now overworked due to the long hours and lack of staffing. Northwest Airlines has come to realize that they need to call back more pilots in order to kick the bucket with scheduling additional flights.However, the pilots that are called off furlough moldiness be retrained before he or she can fly the aircraft, resulting in clustering scheduling delays and inconsistent flight schedules. lead at Northwest must recognize that by cancelling flights the company leaves the consumer wondering if Northwest Airlines is dependable when qualification their travel and flight arrangements. Due to the bankruptcy, Northwest Airlines has restructured the organization. As a result, leadership often undergoes changes to better position the company as a structured and effec tive organization.The leadership is now a combination of both new and previous board members, which will result in a variety of expertise and leadership ability to Northwest. The reorganization will help the company repositions itself to be a strong, and profitable company sack forward. Change Models for Short-Term, diminished Scale and Long-Term Large Scale Changes The Fred Fiedler model is said to be the oldest and most widely known of situational leadership. Fiedler believes that leaders are either undertaking or relationship motivators (Kreitner-Kinicki, 2003).The leadership case study appointed a department coordinator that resulted in combining two practices. Gaining the trust back from each practice was an easy task to accomplish by completing open human resource issues, such as the ability for employees to request new address changes on their paychecks. Positive actions taken by the new department coordinator established keeping immediate promises and cementing them by fulfilling longer-term commitments to the employees. Olin Pool Products organizational restructure involved radical change from the several separate departmental layers into teams with coaches.By eliminating titles and departments, Cahill forced each team coach to collaborate and work together. Each team member was given the freedom of assisting other departments as long as the work was being done, with an emphasis on results. Long-term commitments were formed and carried through resulting in bonuses to be given by division profit, not just on departmental goals. Ford Motor Company and Northwest Airlines have decided the old style of leadership is invalid due to technology and competition.Ford has determined that their new style will keep the organization more competitive in the auto industry. However, Ford may just be a little late in the process. According to the reading, traditional pyramid-shaped organizations, conforming to the old-style pattern tends to be too slow, inflexibl e, whereas the new styles are customer focused, and dedicated to continuous improvement and necessitateing. (Kreitner & Kinicki 2004) Implications of Different Leadership Styles on Change Management Process The two different leadership styles are transactional and charismatic.According to the reading, transactional leadership focuses on interpersonal transaction between managers and employees. Charismatic can produce significant organizational change and results because it transforms employees to surveil organizational goals in lieu of self-interests. (Kreitner & Kinicki 2004) Based on the two types of leadership styles Ford Motor Company and Northwest Airlines conform to the transactional leadership style. Ford is more customers focused instead of employee oriented. Without the consumers, Ford will not survive the auto industry.Northwest Airlines is both employee and consumer focused because the company is realizing that without the employees the company will suffer a subst antial loss on revenue. In the health care case study, the organization changed their mindset to start invest in the people rather than investing on the building and/or equipment. Previous leaders had not considered this different approach. The new department coordinator took a risk when changing past transactional leader managing style to becoming a transforming leadership style. The work began by focusing on the facilitys biggest investment, their workforce.Training, instead of having the new staff figure how to do their jobs on their own, was now a matter of teaching and mentoring, resulting in better overall practices used toward their patients. Cahills approach was to change the ambience of how the work was getting done, in fact he compares having ambience within a restaurant as being just as important as cooking the meals. Processes changed in how to overcome slumping sales and gaining customer satisfaction, For instance, it would be difficult to persist on a shake off if yo u were working with defective raw materials or crushed equipment.In contrast, motivated behaviors are likely to be enhanced when managers release employees with adequate resources to get the job done and provide effective coaching, (Kinicki & Kreitner, 2003, p. 260). Influence of Leadership on Management Practices The director of the health care facility assisted in making final decisions on what proposed project would be the best fit for the two practices. The new department coordinator influenced the director to invest in developing continuation educational programs for their staff.The coordinator had recently established a Masters degree in business administration and was the person responsible for initiating employee satisfaction surveys when previous leaders were in charge. Understanding the splendour of providing formal continuation educational courses provided an increase in company employee morale. Olin Pool Products also had similar influences with the President of Olin Chemicals Patrick Davey. Cahill called Davey, advising him that there would be radical changes within the organizational structure and that the need for change was necessary.Cahill also advised the team coaches that they would figure out how to resolve the issues at hand, as they continued to make progress. Davey agreed to proceed with Cahills proposal this is a test of influences the crux of the issue is social influence. A large measure of interpersonal interaction involves attempts to influence others, including parents, bosses, coworkers, spouses, teachers, friends, and children (Kinicki & Kreitner, 2003, p. 260). Ford Motor Company leadership has changed over the years with the focus of keeping the company out of the red. Leadership has been influenced to hire hat the industry has changed and in order for the company to excel in the industry, they must first listen to the consumers. The reading defines servant-leadership, which focuses on increased assistance to oth ers rather than to one. (Krietner & Kinicki 2004) Factors that Contribute to Long-Term Commitment to Change Results from the changes do within the health care study case were in management style and the organization had made significant changes to support and expand on employee satisfaction, commitment to employees and outcome resulting on better patient care.Existing and new staff recognized the importance of these strides and resulted in increased commitment with alter performance quality. Cahill removed structural barriers in encouraging team coaches to learn from one another and be open about sharing solutions that would result in increased sales and better customer satisfaction. Northwest Airlines new leadership has undergone change within the organization because of the restructuring. Most organization tends to reply once they notice something is wrong instead of acting while everything is going right.This process is call being proactive instead of reactive. The company has a loss of effective communication within the leadership. Future Leadership Challenges and Leadership Styles for Specific Situation Changes that have been implemented as the healthcare, pool, auto, and airline industry demands are constantly changing. What has been implemented may not be as effective in the near future since it has been proven that all industries are bound to go through changes, then so do the organizations needs.It is crucial that throughout the process of change, organizations must continue acquisition when to recognize the need for change, what type of change is needed, and proactively move forward. Conclusion The health care study approached new leadership in the form of transformational style the employees were inspired by the small changes made by department coordinator. This resulted in the acceptance of change in how the two practices were to be formed as one clinical office. Olin Pool Company was also transformational leadership style, having a fire dis aster at one of their plant locations.The disaster motivated the company to form new product lines. Ford Motor Company is changing its leadership style by using line train managers to implement changes in producing quality products and providing workers with better training. This is a transformational type of leadership style that Ford is implementing within its organization. Northwest Airlines leadership has been focused on short term goals to reduce overhead cost by cut number of pilots. However this short term focus came at the cost of the customers having to reschedule flights.This has diminished customer confidence and may lead to long term issues. Leadership style is missing as the organization is lay short term goals that do not support long viability of the organization. in that respect are a number of different approaches, or styles to leadership and management that are based on different assumptions and theories. The leadership style that organizations use will be bas ed on a combination of the companies beliefs, determine and preferences. Also the organizational culture, values and ethics will encourage some styles and discourage others.

Attack Essay

Attack is a numbers written in 1917 by Siegfried Sassoon while he was convalescing from his wounds in a hospital in Scotland. He was a soldier who fought in the First World War. Attack is a short, 13-line verse form written in speech rhythm with some rhyme. The poem is described in a very vivid way which makes the endorser think that the author himself witnessed the scene. The poem begins with the poet describing the setting of the poem. The landscape is in a battlefield w here there are still remains of previous battles. The poet pictures it in a way that makes the scene very heavy and uncomfortable.The poem goes on with the soldiers fighting in the attack with their apprehends struggling in the midst of war. Sassoon indeed ends the poem with an impassioned plea, O Jesus, make in stop atomic number 53 major technique that the author uses in order to convey of the shame of the battlefield and what it seemed to be worry to be in an attack is erratum and figurative imageries . Examples of literal images are the ridge emerges, bombs and guns and shovels and battle-gear, lines of grey, muttering faces. The poet uses very striking diction that makes the poem sounds more uncomfortable, for example, scarred slope.The colour of the asynchronous transfer mode is described as dun and wild purple which accentuates on the exist atmosphere of the setting. The verbs at the beginning of the poem are very evidentiary as they seem to be particularly strong in this poem, like the description of the tank creep and topple over the ridge, the barrage that roars and lifts or the men who jostle and climb to, etc. On the other hand, the poet besides uses a lot of figurative images. These figurative images include eon ticks uninfected and busy on their wrists, and hope, with furtive eyes, , flounders in mud, etc.These images attend to personify and emphasize the meaning of the poem, for example, in line 11 darn time ticks blank and busy on their wrists The figurative image here delivers the meaning of the soldiers while fighting in the attack, are not aware(p) of the time and how it ticks blankly and busily on their wrists. These two adjectives creates an alliteration that make headway emphasizes the meaning of how the soldiers are just spending meaningless time on the battlefield, forgetting who they are and what they do. Furthermore, the same kind of hopelessness is caught by the image of the time ticks blank and busy.This idea is brought out to us more clearly by the two last lines of the poem. Hope is personified as something with furtive eyes and deal fists that flounders in mud, as if to compare it to the soldiers. The short statement, flounders in mud is similarly mentioning the solders falling down and dying in the attack. The impassioned plea at the end by the author seems to have a great ensnare on the readers as it shows the emotions and how sincerely the poet wants everything of this to stop. The mood of this poem if mostly men acing to the readers, it somehow makes us sympathize for the soldiers.Seeing the images of the attack, it also seems to have an emotional effect on the readers. The punctuations in the poem also help the poem to create a bigger effect of this. In many lines, a caesura is used to make the previous sentence emphasized and creates suspense as well as having a greater effect on the readers. Overall, Siegfried Sassoon has showed through with(predicate) the poem Attack shows how the soldiers have to go to the battlefield to fight on the lands of previous battles, having time ticking through and as they fall down, their hope also flounders, leaving them with their faces muttered, their fists grappling

Bordean Hill Cottages Essay

WHAT IS THIS LETTER ABOUT?I am writing this letter to apply for the position of a ripened Prefect at eggers School as I believe I would be an paragon representative for the shoal and a good function set to those junior than me. INTRO APPLYING APPLICATIONI am genuinely real talented at Eggars School and it would be a liberty to be part of the Senior Prefect team underpinning the good work that is through by the staff. I see this position as a profound part of the give instructions foundations, traditions, and effective communication between savants, teachers and the topical anesthetic community. world a senior prefect is one of the top roles a student can ease up at a school. They work with the teachers to create a better learning environment and provide opportunities for others to succeed. THE use of goods and services WHY IS THE ROLE IMPORTANT? HOW WE VALUE PREFECTS? GENERAL Personally, I believe that having Senior prefects be important as they act as a leading recite of the schools ethos to the outside world, not only to the rears of true and prospective pupils but the people in the community surrounding our school. Senior prefects act as leaders they do this with energy and enthusiasm and with a willingness to define others before themselves. Given their status as leaders and role models, Senior Prefects are a visible and active presence slightly the school. WHY I WANT TO BE A SENIOR PREFECTWhat school will get out of it I believe that if I was to wrick Senior Prefect, I would be open to share my endureledge and advice around the school to suggest improvements from an experienced pupils perspective. I would withal be able to provide on-going practicable support such as parents evenings, sports days, financial aiding out Eggars newspapers etc. My knowledge most the school and how it runs from a pupils perspective (experience gained over the last four years) On-going practical supports (eg. Events, parents evenings, sports day s, newsletters, teacher etc) Representing the schoolBeing part of the student voice freehanded ideas I see gained from being a senior prefect and applying them towards What I ask to get out with it  I retrieve as a soulfulness I would also unsubtlely benefit from becoming Senior Prefect. I would amaze my personal skills and qualities including leadership, responsibility and a perceive of service which would help me later in emotional state when I have future careers. Being able to demonstrate high expectations of myself and others is real important to me and something I have always tried to maintain over my many years at Eggars School. Managing the extra responsibility with professionalism, integrity, sensitivity and good irritation is something I wish to gain if I was to become senior prefect.Nevertheless, I believe that becoming a Senior prefect will push me get along to continue my freight to academic success as this has always been truly important to me. Furthe rmore, to receive cognition from Senior staff and being set to the student body as someone who has, through my actions and efforts, aspired to exemplify the expectations of Eggars school would make me very proud. Looking ahead, I know that the experience of being a prefect will bring added value to my get ahead education and career prospects as it will provide prescribed evidence for collage and job references. Training from the school/staff particularly in relationship to the leadership role To extend CVProvide positive evidence for collage and job referencesDevelop my ability to use my first stepBenefit from the many opportunities to develop personal skills and qualities, including leadership, responsibility, sense of service and swear Being able to demonstrate high expectations of myself and others Make significantcontributions to the wider life of the school To have continued commitment to academic successTo be able to manage the extra responsibility with professionalism, integrity, sensitivity and good humour. Be self-motivated, proactive and a trusty team memberReceive recognition from Senior staff and being identified to the student body as someone who has, through my actions and efforts, aspired to exemplify the expectations of Eggars school.STRENGTHS/WEEKNESSESWHY I AM THE RIGHT PERSON FOR THE JOB (GIVE EXAMLES) PERSONALITY AND SKILLS I think I am the right person to take on a role of senior prefect as I am a trustworthy, reliable and responsible person. On numerous occasions I have inclined time to come into school and go in in school fetes, parents evenings and showing parents round the school. This is not something that I feel I have to do, but something that I put myself forward for as I enjoy being part of the Eggars community. Furthermore, I have proved to be a good ambassador and role model for the school as in year 8 I put myself forward for the role of helping out at the OAP Party which takes frame once a year. During this experienc e I am also very willing to take on extra responsibility. An example of this is when I volunteered to participate in Eggars E-learning group.This is where I had the opportunity to help principal(a) school children develop their ICT skills. In the process, my team were successful in winsome the competition for the task that was set. I have had a number of opportunities to develop my communication skills. An example of this when I was asked to participate in the BBC School delineate in year 8 with around 20 other students. I found this very useful to help develop my team make skills and I will be able to use this skill if I got the role of senior prefect to help motivate and encourage the prefect team. In damage of academic success, I have always given my full commitment and been very self-disciplined. Which has given me very credible expirys. I was included in the Eggars 21 Club which gave me a real sense of pride.I felt that all my hard work had paid polish off and I would lik e to, as a Senior Prefect, be able to encourage other students to work towards this accolade. I have always complete that maintaining a consistently high attendance record (98.3%) will result in a higher level of academic achievement. My participation in many sports days has given me in rich teamwork and leadership skills, as I have represented my house in a variety of events. This is valuable experience for the position of Senior prefect, as I feel I will be able to carry out a wide variety of tasks required in this demanding position. UNIFORMNot only is it necessary that I represent the school by acting very responsibly, both(prenominal) in my manner and academically, it is equally important that I take a pride in my appearance and dress appropriately. WHAT IS MY VISON/ WHAT I CAN set about TO THE JOBI feel that I can bring a lot to the role of senior prefect as I am very self-disciplined and this quality would help manage my prefect duties with my study commitments and out side school activities. SUMMARYThank you for considering my application and taking the time out to bring it. Yours sincerely,Eleanor Howard

Bullying and Cyberbullying Essay

entranceEach day coach children learn valuable skills and lessons from their teachers as sound as by means of with(predicate) interactions with their peers. Although tutor, undoubtedly, is beneficial to Americas juvenility, there argon some experiences, such as yobing, that may negatively affect and commove with these children for the rest of their lives. Certain children find an outlet for their thwartings through boss around others. In the past, these actions could be better controlled be trend they were limited to face-to-face interactions. However, in new-made years, this age-old conflict has matched the pace of technological evolutions, making it more(prenominal) dangerous and harder to contain. booth ph unmatchables, social media sites, yap away rooms, and other forms of technology consent allowed browbeat to blast into cyberspace. This new form of abuse is kn aver as cyber intimidate. The following enquiry paper focuses on both traditional punking and cy berdeterrence. The paper provides land culture more or less intimidation, defines the worry and where it is focused, looks at the clinical and aim-headed beds that elude both forms of bully, and discusses possible obstructive courses.II. History of intimidation hector, a descriptionThe word bully bottomland be t speed upd bet on as farthermost as the 1530s. (Harper, 2008). In its most basic guts datum deterrence involves dickens lot, a bully or intimidator and a dupe. The bully abuses the victim through physical, * Keywords bullying, cyber bullying, rightfulness, statistics, preventioAbstractBullying has been engrained in American familiarity since the countrys shewing. Bred from a capitalistic economy and competitive social power structure, bullying has remained a applicable expiration through the years. Technological bullying, populaten today as cyberbullying, has allowed the problem to expand, become more snarled, and even harder to define. A thoroug h analytic thinking of various c antiophthalmic factoraign studies, statistical research, practice of law ends, and news articles was conducted to understand the issue of cyberbullying and to find preventative measures that should be understand. This paper illuminates the background situation, current healthy struggles, clinical implications, and probable preventative steps concerning bullying and cyberbullying a analogous.II. History of BullyingBullying, a definitionThe word bully can be traced back as far as the 1530s. (Harper, 2008). In its most basic sense bullying involves two people, a bully or intimidator and a victim. The bully abuses the victim through physical, * Keywords bullying, cyber bullying, law, statistics, barroom Email rdonegan 34 The Elon ledger of undergrad query in communication theory Vol. 3, No. 1 recant 2012 verbal, or other means in order to gain a sense of superiority and power. These actions may be direct (i.e. hitting, verbally assaultin g face-to-face, etc.) or confirming (i.e. rumors, gossip, etc.). Origins of bullyingThe desire to survive is instinctual and common land among all living things. survival is associated directly with competition receivable to the multitude of species and limited natural resources on the planet. Since the beginning of time there has been a constant drive to out-perform others and get the hang obstacles. This survival instinct, along with a competitive atmosphere, has remained the same as the man descriptor race has evolved. Both of these forces meet flowed over into the educational, social, and economic realms. This competitive hierarchy, though prevalent in most societies, varies crosswise cultures depending on their ethical systems, traditions, and the causa of control exerted by the government. Unfortunately, the U.S. capitalistic society inadvertently pushes the belief that triumph and wealth go hand in hand. This ideology has shaped a nation where bullying is unintentiona lly instilled as a survival tactic from a very tender age.From the time an American child enters gradation discipline, he or she is taught to be the best he or she can. This plainly innocent lesson can morph as a child develops end-to-end his or her education. Students a lot learn corrupt ways to get ahead(predicate) in the highly competitive educational and social environments that grade school presents. These bullying play may take on pressuring others for answers on assignments to attain high grades, which asks toward better college opportunities, or spreading social rumors slightly fellow students. These tactics atomic number 18 dangerous because once a student realizes their effectiveness, he or she may construct a life style from them. Developing a habitual use of bullying tactics can lead to negatively affecting a countless round of people as easily as corruption in the workplace.Traditional bullying vs. cyberbullyingTechnologys progression is much equated w ith the advancement of human societies. Pivotal innovations, such as the internet, wear forever changed how people interact. Though these developments bring on allowed the human race to make great strides in some fields, they cast off also allowed forms of sin to become more r international deoxyadenosine monophosphateereant and widespread. This is plain when con gradientring how traditional bullying has evolved into an issue today known as cyberbullying. While bullying and cyberbullying are often similar in terms of form and technique they also have mevery differences. Unlike traditional bullying, cyberbullying allows the offender to mask his or her identicalness behind a com marker. This anonymity makes it easier for the offender to strike blows against a victim without having to see the victims physical response. The distancing effect that technological devices have on todays youth often leads them to say and do crueler things compared to what is typical in a traditiona l face-to-face bullying situation.A technological evolutionAs technology has evolved, bullying has proliferated. With the advent of the Internet, scold rooms soon followed. Online assemblys provided a communal breeding ground for youth to assault one a nonher (Subrahm any(prenominal)am & adenine Greenfield, 2008). Chat rooms were supplemented by AOL Instant Messenger (AIM), an online dialogue program that allowed teens to spend hours talking to one a nonher in private, one-on-one conversations or in exoteric chat rooms. The program further allowed youth to create group- peculiar(prenominal) chat rooms. This exclusive forum allowed for youth to get together with select groups of friends and talk about the latest gossip. Online innovations have act upd collectible to telecommunication advances. The advent of cell phones in the late 1960s and early 1970s changed the way people communicated (Shiels, 2003).However, these man-portable communication devices did non become widesprea d, or make it into a volume of youths hands, until the appearance of the second generation of digital web phones in the 1990s. After that, they spread like wildfire. fit to a necessitate conducted by the Pew question mall, 75% of 12-17 year-olds own cell phones, which increase from 45% in 2004 and one-in-lead teens sends 3,000 text messages per month (Lenhart, 2010). Though some parents commit that they are purchasing a cell phone for their child for safety-related sources, the opposite may be lawful as many youths under propose to utilizing their phones as an instrument for cyberbullying.Further progress on the Internet brought about more and more websites and with this came the advent of social media. The site MySpace is often considered the lead up of social media. MySpace allows separate users to create their own unique profiles and interact in cyberspace with friends and foes alikeBullying and Cyberbullying by Richard Donegan 35III. Status of cyberbullyingas when someone repeatedly makes fun of another person online or repeatedly picks onanother person through email or text message or when someone posts something online about another person that they dont like (Hinduja &type A Patchin, 2010c, p. 1).VictimizationAccording to their results, cyberbullying victimization rates have vary in the past a few(prenominal) years, ranging between 18.8 part in whitethorn 2007 and 28.7 part in Nov. 2009 with a mean of 27.32 percent based on 7 diametric studies from May 2007-Feb. 2010. Cyberbullying offending rates have wide-rangingin a broader spectrum than victimization rates, ranging between 20.1 percent in June 2004 and 11.5 percent in Nov. 2009 with a mean of 16.76 percent based on 7 different studies from June 2004 to February 2010 (Hinduja & adenylic acid Patchin, 2010g, p. 1).Several specific types of victimization and cyberbullying were discovered through a survey taken in 2010. The survey discovered that the highest engrossment of victimiza tions and cyberbullying offenses occurred in the following areas respectively mean or hurtful comments post online (14.3%, 8.8%), rumors online (13.3%, 6.8%), threats through a cell phone text message (8.4%, 5.4%) (Hinduja & Patchin, 2010e, p. 1).Another important factor that Hinduja and Patchin brought to light was what type of technology a teen primarily uses. According to a 2010 study, which asked teens what place technology play in their daily lives, cell phones were used the most (83%), followed by the Internet for school work (50.8%), and then Facebook (50.1%) (Hinduja & Patchin, 2010h, p. 1). This points to cell phones and the Internet as the two primary mediums used for cyberbullying. Cyberbullying proved to vary by sex activity as hygienic.Based on a 2010 study involving a random sample of 2,212 teen males and 2,162 teen females, the male to female ratio varied the most in the following three areas victimization inside a persons lifetime (16.6% for males vs. 25.1 % for females), admitted to a cyberbullying offense within a persons lifetime (17.5% for males vs. 21.3% for females), and had a hurtful comment stick on about oneself online (10.5% for males vs. 18.2% for females) (Hinduja & Patchin, 2010b, p. 1). This selective information may be biased payable to the reticence among males about admitting a past bullying experience. Nevertheless, it is interesting that females authorship a higher percentage in all categories. Bullying hierarchyAs with most competitive atmospheres, the social struggle among todays youth has an evident hierarchy. Bullying is a component of this hierarchy and has its own structure. According to Dr. Dan Olweus, there 36 The Elon ledger of Undergraduate interrogation in Communications Vol. 3, No. 1 backlash 2012 are seven different levels within the bullying ladder the students who want to bully and initiate the action, their following or henchmen, supporters or passive bullies, passive supporters or possi ble bullies, disengaged onlookers, possible defenders, and defenders who dislike the action of bullying and help those that are victimized (Olweus, 2001). rase the aggressive portion of this ladder and shifting students to a deterring mindset essential be a fundamental part of any legal community program.IV. clinical Perspective/RepercussionsAt first, one may believe that the effects of bullying is limited to sign responses that tend to fade within a few days or a week, at most. However, research indicates that the harm inflicted by bullying, whether physical or psychological, has many implications and can result in a snowball effect of lasting painful emotions and negative impacts.Gender and bullyingThough many students tend to deny the horny harm caused by bullying tactics such as numbercalling, rumor spreading, and teasing, research suggests the opposite. In a study that utilized a sample of over 3,000 students, researchers effectuate that 38 percent of bully victims felt vengeful, 37 percent were livid and 24 percent felt helpless. Furthermore, in a study conducted by the Cyberbullying question Center involving a sample size of 468 students revealed that females are typically more ablazely affected by cyberbullying than males. The females in the study account being frustrated (39.6%), angry (36%), and miserable (25.2%) more often than males who describe lower percentages in each category (27.5%, 24.3%, 17.9% respectively). This is not surprising due to the fact, as mentioned earlier, that males have a reluctance to admit weaknesses especially from an aroused standpoint. In pragmatism, one would expect males to be at least correspond if not higher in emotional response concerning anger and frustration. (Hinduja & Patchin, 2009c, p.1).Age and bullyingIn another study conducted by the Cyberbullying Research Center, the emotional repercussions of cyberbullying across age groups were observed. The study discovered that anger and frustration r emain the dominant responses among senior and junior high students, just students at the mere(a) level are more likely to feel sad as a result of being bullied (Hinduja & Patchin, 2009c, p.1). This is likely because at a young age children are not battling with the same kind of competitive social hierarchy typically found within speed level schools. So, rather than feeling the need to prove themselves among their peers, students at the elementary level tend to well-up within the initial emotional responses to bullying. This points to the idea that younger children may keep their initial emotional responses to themselves rather than acting out.Unfortunately, disregarding of the initial emotional reaction to bullying, these emotions have the mightiness to continue to develop, with sincere clinical implications. A 2003 intensive survey study, which focused on the clinical effects of cyberbullying, describe an increase in emotional distress specifically related to cyberbullyi ng. The study involving 512 professionals coming from psychology, psychiatry and social work backgrounds describe that for one-third (34%) of these youth, the Internet problem played a primary role in the clients treatment (Mitchell, Finelhot & Becker-Blease, 2007, p. 48). This evidence proves that cyberbullying is having discernible clinical effects on todays youth.In his oecumenic Strain Theory, sociologist Robert Agnew hypothesized that the strain and stress exerted on an individual as a result of bullying can manifest itself in problematic emotions that lead to unnatural behavior, possibly leading to delinquency (Agnew, 2006, pp. 659-660). This theory stresses the vicious stave that many teens may go through while being victimized. The orbitual repercussions of this process are particularly solemn if it leads a victim to asocial behaviors when they try to find an outlet for their emotions. In 2001, the Office of Juvenile justice and Delinquency Prevention reported tha t 60 percent of males who were bullies in grades 6 through 9 were convicted of at least one crime as adults, compared with 23 percent who did not bully 35 to 40 percent of these former bullies had three or more convictions by the age of 24, compared with 10 percent of those who did not bully (Ericson, 2001).Offenders are likely to utilize bullying tactics as an outlet for other insecurities or problems in their lives. This usage of bullying as a coping mechanism results to the cyclical nature that the process evidently has on victims and offenders Bullying and Cyberbullying by Richard Donegan 37 alike. non only do these flawed coping mechanisms fail to resolve the emotional distress caused by bullying, they also expand the overall problem of deviant behavior. This inability for bullied victims and offenders to find adequate embossment for emotional wounds, coupled with the fact that youth are unlikely to seek relief though a mentor, explains why some youth begin to feel helple ss. Feeling bemused in emotional distress with seemingly no way for relief allows suicidal or even thoughts of violent response to creep in to a youths consciousness (Ericson, 2001).So, what does this all mean? Research confirms that both bully victims as well as offenders are emotionally harmed by the act of cyberbullying. In a fact sheet produced by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, loneliness, humiliation, and insecurity were each reported as further manifestations of the initial emotional responses to the bullying process. These feelings have the potential to cause students to fear going to school. This constant instability makes it difficult for bully victims to adjust socially and emotionally, focus on their studies, and develop in a healthy mental fashion. These responses can lead to more serious clinical implications, such as depression, which can continue to develop into even worse problems (Ericson, 2001, pp. 1-2).The extreme consequences of bull ying are suicidal thoughts or thoughts of violent revenge. According to a National Vital Statistics Report, suicide is the 3rd leading cause of death among youth ranging in age from 15 to 24 (Anderson & Smith, 2003). Furthermore, the U.S. segment of Health and Human Services reported substantial increases in both homicide and suicide rates among males from 2000 to 2003 (Fraizer, 2005). This statistic becomes chillingly relevant as more information is uncovered concerning the link between cyberbullying and suicidal ideation or action. According to Rigby and Slee, youth who are bullied or who bully others, are at an elevated jeopardy for suicidal thoughts, attempts, and completed suicides (Rigby & Slee, 1999, p. 119). Statistically both victims of cyberbullying as well as offenders proved to be much more likely to have attempted bullycide, the act of committing suicide due to the effects of bullying, than youth who had not been affected (High, 2007).Online earthation of pers onal information is dangerous because it allows many people to see a side of a person more often kept private in a face-to-face interaction. This vulnerability puts many teens in a position as either the victim or active offender par taking in cyberbullying actions. Another aspect of social media that can be misleading and hazardous is the ability to create alias profiles. The ability for teens to mask their identities provides them with an opportunity to say anything to another individual without the worry of any repercussions.Social media sites, such as Facebook and Google+, are prone to abuses like cyberbullying. un place blogging is another technological advancement that has fostered cyberbullying activity and fueled ethical debate. On sites, such as College ACB and Juicy Campus, which have both recently confront tightened regulations due to their verbally abusive nature, youth (typically of college age) were able to login and comment anonymously in an open forum. The forum inc luded harsh topics ranging from Most pleasant to Worst Hookup. The sites even included certain topic headings that were simply a persons name under which people could post supercilious comments. These blogging sites are illustrative of the most dramatic forms of cyberbullying thus far.V. Case virtue and LegislationAlthough all of the evidence illustrates the effects of cyberbullying on todays youth, lawmakers at both the state and national levels continue to flex with the issue. Unfortunately, it has taken a number of cases to force lawmakers to come to terms with the harsh reality of the situation and attempt to mold laws to deal with such issues. The infringement on students 1st Amendment rights is what originally sparked heated controversies concerning schools constraining what students could do or say on or off school grounds.throughout history, the unify States has been shaped by the mankinds right to freely express their opinions. Inevitably, when a case arises attempt ing to limit these rights, the plaintiffs side is often hard to argue due to such a well tradition. Without limiting constitutional rights, lawmakers must grapple with the difficult task of delimit cyberbullying, as well as determining proper sanctions for committing the act. Because of this, many cases dealing with freedom of speech on and off school grounds have worked their way up to the United States Supreme Court in the past. national law whizz of the earliest cases that dealt with this issue on a public school campus was Tinker vs. Des Moines in 1969 (Tedford & Herbeck, 2009, pp. 1-4). In this case, three high school students arrived on campus wearing black armbands, symbolically protesting the Vietnam War. The schools administration told the students that they must remove the armbands, and if they refused to do so they would be suspended. The students refused and were sent home. They took the case to court, arguing that their 1st Amendment rights had been violated by th e school. The case eventually made it to the United States Supreme Court. The court govern that any school preventing the pattern of opinion must prove that the prohibition was enforced to avoid substantial interference with school discipline or the rights of others (Hinduja & Patchin, 2011, p. 2). Because the school was unable to prove either of these factors, the suspensions were considered unconstitutional and the court ruled in favor of the students. This case set the first guidelines for what forms of expression public schools could and could not limit. As time has continued and technology has progressed, this issue has expand to whether or not schools can interfere with students actions off-campus.J.S. v. Bethlehem world School (2000) involved a student who was expelled from school for creating 38 The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications Vol. 3, No. 1 Spring 2012 a page on the Internet that included threatening and derogatory comments about member s of the administration. The court ruled that the school was justified in taking action due to its ability to prove that the public information fostered an evident disruption of the school environment. In its closing statements, the U.S. Supreme Court express the following Regrettably, in this day and age where school violence is fair more commonplace, school officials are justified in taking very seriously threats against faculty and other students (Herbeck, 2010). Such schoolyard violence had reached this level at Columbine High School in 1999.Through this and more recent cases, the federal government has defined the pick outments for offcampus behavior, such as cyberbullying, to be set by the school. For a school to take action, there must be a urinate disruption to the educational process or a representation of true threat. To determine whether or not an expression is vocalization of a true threat, the court must determine whether a level-headed person in the speakers pos ition would foresee that the statement would be interpreted by those to whom the maker communicates the statement as a serious expression of intent to harm or assault (Herbeck, 2010). The idea of public schools limiting students speech off campus is highly relevant as cyberbullying becomes a more recognized problem nationally. School administrations and communities must take past cases into account as well as current legal definitions of what constitutes a disruption of the educational process or a true threat when developing an effective preventative program.State level sympathetic to speech and harassment laws at the federal level, individual states continue to wrestle with defining the problem and what legal actions to take when a violation occurs. Unfortunately, it took a number of high-profile cases, and even some suicides, to bring the issue to the attention of many states courts and legislatures. One such case revolved around an incident in Missouri during 2006. This case, fo rmally known as United States vs. Lori pull, involved Drew and her daughter creating a false MySpace account under the alias name Josh. The defendants used the account to become friends with the victim, 13-year-old Megan Meier, whom Drews daughter be school with. After becoming friends with Meier, Drew and her daughter started sending mean comments to her. Meier took these comments to heart and committed suicide.The Missouri district court determined that they could not hold Drew directly accountable for the harassment leading to Meiers death due to extraneous circumstances and lack of legal encompassment. However, due to public outcry, federal prosecutors took charge by applying the Computer Fraud and demoralise act to the case. This act is typically used to prosecute electronic theft, but in this instance was used to apply the Myspace terms of service. The terms require users to abide by a host of regulations, which required truthful and veracious registration, refraining from using information from MySpace to harass others and refraining from promoting false or misleading information (Unites states of America v. Lori Drew, 2009). Based on MySpaces terms of service, the jury found Drew guilty of one felony count for conspiracy and three misdemeanors counts for self-appointed computer use.This case caused Missouri to modify its state harassment law to encompass acts of cyberbullying like the Lori Drew case. The law now prohibits any electronic communication that knowingly frightens, intimidates, or causes emotional distress (Henderson, 2009).VI. PreventionAs cyberbullying draws more attention, a universal definition has begun to take shape within the law. Though not acknowledged across all states, a common definition in congruence with a wider recognition of the problem makes addressing the elusive issue a bit easier. The problem is that technology testament inescapably continue to advance. So, as technology progresses, local and national anti-bullying policies and laws must continue to evolve at a parallel rate. Many of the issues faced by federal and state governments concerning cyberbullying are avoidable for schools and communities at the local level through the implementation of procedures to limit the effects of cyberbullying.Recognition of the problemOne of the most notable issues that need to be addressed is recognition of the problem itself. Many people, whether parents, teachers, or even law enforcement officers, do not know what their specific state Bullying and Cyberbullying by Richard Donegan 39 laws are in regards to cyberbullying. In a formal survey of approximately 1,000 officers, over 85 percent . . . said that cyberbullying was a serious concern that warrants the response of law enforcement. 90 percent of the schools resource officers had dealt with a cyberbullying case sometimes or often. Despite this obvious concern, 25 percent of the school resource officers and over 40 percent of the traditional law enforcem ent officers did not know if their state had a law specific to cyberbullying (Patchin, 2011). These statistics are alarming considering that the number of states without some kind of bullying or harassment specific law can be counted on one hand (HI,MI,MT,SD) and the number of states with cyberbullying specific laws are increasing.Every person that deals with children (i.e. education, parenting, law enforcement, etc.) should know the bullying or harassment law specific to his or her state, the physical and emotional signs of bullying, and his or her community or school prevention plan, including how to deal with and report a problem. Along with recognizing the problem and being able to station solutions, it is live that cyberbullying be addressed in a consistent way. To effectively put a harness on the problem will require a concerted and coordinated effort a partnership if you will among our families, schools, youth organizations, and communities (Morino, 1997).If American comm unities and schools address the issue with a clear preventative program that keeps each level of prohibition on the same page, children will in turn receive a consistent message from a young age, which will presumably resonate effectively. This message should cause children to feel at ease with confronting and reporting the problem by portraying any form of bullying as unacceptable. Furthermore, this consistency across a given program will change the overall environment rather than just focusing on individual cases. According to Dorothy Espelage and Susan Swearers book Bullying in American Schools, A comprehensive program . . . is universally more powerful in reducing bullying and increasing school safety than concentrating on individual students (Espelage & Swearer, 2009).Potential SolutionsCredited with initiating the first systematic bullying research in the early 1970s, Dr. Dan Olweus is primarily known for his bullying prevention programs. The Olweus Bullying Prevention Pr ogram, enacted by Norways Ministry of educational activity, develops methods of dealing with bullying on a variety of levels including school-level components, individual-level components, classroom-level components, and community-level components. This all-encompassing structure creates a cohesive plan in which each level reinforces the next. Since its creation, the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program has been adopted in schools across the world. According to a series of evaluations involving 40,000 students from 42 schools over a two and a half year period, the program proved to be successful. The studies verified the programs success by reporting reductions by 20 to 70 percent in student reports of being bullied and bullying others, reductions in student reports of antisocial behavior, such as vandalism, fighting, theft, and truancy and clear improvements in the classroom social climate (Olweus, 2005, pp. 389-402).A mixed-methods research concept carried out in Nevada, in which 118 middle school principals were surveyed about cyberbullying, identified components of a successful preventative program. Of those surveyed, 66 responded and 10 agreed to go into in a one-on-one interview. From these ten, three were selected and questioned intensively about cyberbullying and preventative strategies within their school as well as about their thoughts on the issue in general. Based on the interview results, the following cardinal components were identified as essential elements to a preventative cyberbullying program the vastness of a reporting procedure curriculum integration student-centered productions through mediums such as Broadcast Journalism a focus on prevention rather than solely on punishment the importance of punishment as a part of an effective policy and keeping up with changes in technology (Wiseman, 2011).VII. ConclusionBullying is deeply engrained in American culture. Our society illustrates the pinnacle of capitalistic competition. This win-or-d ie-trying atmosphere, the competitive college acceptance process, and much of the corporate world, contribute to many of the bullying problems that we battle today. The issues of bullying and cyberbullying can only be contained in the short term and not eliminated completely due to how deep-seeded they have become in our competitive society.The clinical repercussions that bullying and cyberbullying have on todays youth present the most 40 The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications Vol. 3, No. 1 Spring 2012 troubling issue at hand. The permanent mental effects are what both the law and prevention programs are striving to eliminate. The fact that these initial emotional responses to bullying in any form have been proved to escalate to the point of suicidal thoughts and violent response is the primary reason for why this issue has become a matter of press public concern. The thought of children getting so caught up in the psychological battery of bullying that t hey commit suicide is extremely troubling, an issue that must be dealt with. Though the legislative and judicial branches at both the state and federal levels are having a difficult time adapting laws to encompass cyberbullying as technology advances, there is assurance in the fact that the issue is a pressing concern.However, it is unsettling that it takes drastic cases such as United States vs. Lori Drew to bring about a direct change in law. Ideally, laws will develop in correspondence with technology to help define the problem itself and establish fascinate judicial repercussions. As more is learned about the reasons behind bullying and the specific tactics utilized, prevention programs are becoming increasingly more effective. As discussed previously, a successful program needs to clearly identify the problem, establish recognition, and formulate consistent ways of dealing with the issue across all platforms. The biggest struggle for cyberbullying prevention in the future is m atching the prompt pace of technological innovation with effective preventative techniquesAcknowledgmentsI am thankful to Dr. Michael Frontani for his support and guidance during the writing process of this research paper. His lore and encouragement acted as the catalyst, which drove me to really dive into the subject.BibliographyAgnew, R. (2006). Pressured into crime an overview of general strain theory. New York Oxford University Press.Espelage, D., &. Swearer, S (2009). Bullying in American schools a social-ecological perspective on prevention and intervention. Retrieved fromBerkeley Technology Law Journal, 24(1), 659-660. Ericson, N. U.S. section of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Program. (2001). Addressing the problem of juvenile bullying (FS-200127). Retrieved from https//www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ ojjdp/fs200127.pdfFrazier, L. (2005). 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